Towards battery recycling in the Netherlands. Assessing readiness, bottlenecks, and pathways to industrial-scale facilities

report





Aghaeian, S.

Jung, H.

Heijden, G.M.A. van der

Klosters, M.P.W.M.

Yilmaz, E.

Folkertsma, E.
There are several CRMs (Critical Raw Materials) present in Li-ion batteries (e.g. lithium, cobalt, and nickel). Battery recycling can be an effective way to achieve to secure supply of such valuable metals for Europe and, more specifically, the Netherlands. However, in the Netherlands, current and near-term recycling capacities remain limited due to a complex interplay of factors across the battery ecosystem. This report reviews eight pillars that shape the following pre-conditions: demand for recycled materials, access to feedstock, availability of recycling technology, access to energy, permitting, regulation & legislation, human resources, and environmental aspects. Recent national policy developments further underline these challenges, highlighting ongoing dependencies and structural barriers in scaling a domestic battery value chain. The report outlines what is required to enable industrial, hydrometallurgical Li-ion battery recycling activities in the Netherlands in case there is a final investment decision. It presents the current level of readiness and identifies key enabling and limiting factors structured over the eight pillars. Each pillar is examined in terms of its current status, the key opportunities it brings, and challenges it presents. Where relevant, possible actions to help overcome the
barriers are identified. Although this report focuses on the Dutch ecosystem, the picture is not complete without considering the broader EU landscape. Therefore, the Dutch battery recycling value chain is assessed in the context of wider developments across the EU.
Topics
Environment
TNO Identifier
1031728
Repository link
https://resolver.tno.nl/uuid:6df1ae99-05a8-419a-a182-e766ca7e6bc5
Publisher
TNO
Collation
91 p.
Place of publication
Utrecht
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