Fossil-free energy system and the chemical industry in the Netherlands
report
Context and approach In line with EU climate goals, the Netherlands has committed to achieving a climate-neutral energy system by 2050 – a legally binding target under the European Climate Law. While this target is legally binding, the government aims to minimize the use of fossil carbon carriers, such as natural gas and crude oil, by 2050 and is exploring what is needed to achieve a fossil-free society. Thus, a complete phase-out of fossil fuels—particularly for industrial feedstocks—remains a long-term ambition and requires further exploration and validation. In 2023, industry accounted for 46% of the Netherlands' total final consumption, with almost half of its fossil fuel use being non-energetic (CBS, 2025). This industry sector contributed to around 30% of total GHG emissions. Transitioning to a fossil-free industry means addressing not only energy use but also feedstock transformations, infrastructure adaptations, and related costs and cost savings. This study, conducted for the Ministry of Climate Policy and Green Growth, assesses the feasibility of a fossil-free energy system and industry in the Netherlands by 2050. It evaluates the transition from a climate-neutral to a fossil-free system by comparing system wide impacts, total system cost differences, and key challenges. It is assumed that same ambitions will be followed up to 2040, with 90% GHG emission reduction, compared to 1990. Beyond, a climate-neutral energy system is compared with a fossil-free energy system and industry. Special attention is given to the transformation of the Dutch chemical industry.
Topics
TNO Identifier
1015574
Publisher
TNO
Collation
91 p.
Place of publication
Petten