A comparison of dynamic inflow models for the blade element momentum method

With the increase in rotor sizes, the implementation of innovative pitch control strategies, and the first
floating solutions entering the market, the importance of unsteady aerodynamic phenomena in the operation of
modern offshore wind turbines has increased significantly. Including aerodynamic unsteadiness in blade element
momentum (BEM) methods used to simulate wind turbine design envelopes requires specific sub-models. One of
them is the dynamic inflow model, which attempts to reproduce the effects of the unsteady wake evolution on the
rotor plane induction. Although several models have been proposed, the lack of a consistent and comprehensive
comparison makes their relative performance in the simulation of large rotors still uncertain. More importantly,
different dynamic inflow model predictions have never been compared for a standard fatigue load case, and thus it
is not clear what their impact on the design loads estimated with BEM is. The present study contributes to filling
these gaps by implementing all the main dynamic inflow models in a single solver and comparing their relative
performance on a 220 m diameter offshore rotor design. Results are compared for simple prescribed blade pitch
time histories in uniform inflow conditions first, verifying the predictions against a high-fidelity free-vortex-wake
model and showing the benefit of new two-constant models. Then the effect of shed vorticity is investigated in
detail, revealing its major contribution to the observed differences between BEM and free-vortex results. Finally,
the simulation of a standard fatigue load case prescribing the same blade pitch and rotor speed time histories
reveals that including a dynamic inflow model in BEM tends to increase the fatigue load predictions compared
to a quasi-steady BEM approach, while the relative differences among the models are limited.