Balancing costs and revenues for recycling end-of-life PV panels in the Netherlands

In the past decade photovoltaic (PV) solar energy in The Netherlands has become a substantial part of the total energy generation system with more than 14 gigawatt (GW) peak power installed by 2021. At the current impressive growth rate of 3.5 GW per year it is expected that the targets set for 2030 following from the climate agreements can be met even earlier. Very good news altogether, however 25 to 30 years from now the currently installed PV panels will reach the end of their useful service life and need to be discarded. The current amount of 3.5 GW of annually installed PV panels will then represent more than 200,000 ton of electronic waste to be collected and processed every year. Stichting OPEN has been made responsible for arranging collection, processing and discarding or recycling of End-of-Life (EoL) solar panels in a proper way. The current mainstream "recycling" processes for solar panels merely leads to the recycling of the aluminum frame into raw metal feedstock, whereas the rest of the solar panel after shredding ends up as a filler material for concrete or sub base for roads mainly. It can be questioned if this practice can be sustained in future when the volumes of PV waste will be impressive compared to the amounts today. Upon request by Stichting OPEN TNO carried out a study giving an outlook towards future processes which may be used to extract all other valuable materials from discarded solar panels in addition to aluminum. Future legislation on re-use of materials or pollution prevention may be a factor to take into account as well. In this frame one could think of targets for a minimum percentage of re-use of the PV panel materials or prevention of spreading harmful substances. But whether or not a higher level of recycling will be enforced by future legislation, it is useful to look already now into alternative processes and techniques required for a more intelligent recycling, recovering not only aluminum but also silver and silicon. The latter compounds are essential for the manufacturing of new solar cells.