Vascular Growth in Ischemic Limbs: A Review of Mechanisms and Possible Therapeutic Stimulation
article
Stimulation of vascular growth to treat limb ischemia is promising, and early results obtained from uncontrolled clinical trials using angiogenic agents, e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, led to high expectations. However, negative results from recent placebo-controlled trials warrant further research. Here, current insights into mechanisms of vascular growth in the adult, in particular the role of angiogenic factors, the immune system, and bone marrow, were reviewed, together with modes of its therapeutic stimulation and results from recent clinical trials. Three concepts of vascular growth have been described to date-angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and arteriogenesis (collateral artery growth)-which represent different aspects of an integrated process. Stimulation of arteriogenesis seems clinically most relevant and has most recently been attempted using autologous bone marrow transplantation with some beneficial results, although the mechanism of action is not completely understood. Better understanding of the highly complex molecular and cellular mechanisms of vascular growth may yet lead to meaningful clinical applications. © 2008 Annals of Vascular Surgery Inc.
Topics
Biomedical Researchadenovirus vectorangiogenic factorfibrinfibroblast growth factorfibroblast growth factor 4granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factorplaceboplasmid vectorproteinscatter factorvasculotropinvasculotropin 121vasculotropin 165vasculotropin Avasculotropin Cangiogenesisautologous bone marrow transplantationbone marrowBuerger diseasecell therapyclinical trialcomprehensioncoronary artery diseasediabetes mellitusgene therapyhumanimmune systeminflammatory cellintermittent claudicationintrospectionlimb ischemianeovascularization (pathology)nonhumanpainperipheral occlusive artery diseasepriority journalreviewstem cellstenosisstimulationAngiogenesis Inducing AgentsAnimalsCollateral CirculationGene TherapyHumansIschemiaLegNeovascularization, PhysiologicStem Cell TransplantationVascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
TNO Identifier
240898
ISSN
08905096
Source
Annals of Vascular Surgery, 22(4), pp. 582-597.
Pages
582-597
Files
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