Safety evaluation of chemical mixtures and combinations of chemical and non-chemical stressors
article
Recent developments in hazard identification and risk assessment of chemical mixtures are reviewed. Empirical, descriptive approaches to study and characterize the toxicity of mixtures have dominated during the past two decades, but an increasing number of mechanistic approaches have made their entry into mixture toxicology. A series of empirical studies with simple chemical mixtures in rats is described in some detail because of the important lessons from this work. The development of regulatory guidelines for the toxicological evaluation of chemical mixtures is discussed briefly. Current issues in mixture toxicology include the adverse health effects of ambient air pollution; the application of such modern, sophisticated methodologies as genomics, bioinformatics, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling; and databases for mixture toxicity. Finally, the state of the art of our knowledge on the potential adverse health effects of combined exposures to chemicals and non-chemical stressors (noise, heat/cold, microorganisms, immobilization, restraint, or transportation), research initiatives in these fields, and the development of an indicator for the cumulative health impact of multiple environmental exposures are discussed.
Topics
Toxicology and Applied PharmacologyCombination toxicologyCumulative risk assessmentChemical agentBioinformaticsCold stressEnvironmental exposureGenomicsHealth hazardHeat stressHumanImmobilization stressIndoor air pollutionMicroorganismNoiseNonhumanRatReviewRisk assessmentSafetyStressToxicokineticsToxicologyTrafficDose-Response Relationship, DrugDrug InteractionsEnvironmental ExposureHumansModels, StatisticalRisk AssessmentSafetySequence Analysis, ProteinStructure-Activity RelationshipToxicologyXenobiotics
TNO Identifier
237702
ISSN
00487554
Source
Reviews on Environmental Health, 19(2), pp. 83-139.
Pages
83-139
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