Time-averaging circuit with continuous response

An expression is derived for the computation of the time average of a function f(t). Based on this expression, a principle is discussed realizing continuous computation of the time average of the input signal. Some practical circuits are discussed. These circuits offer several advantages over classical solutions. An expression is derived for the...

A low frequency meter with instantaneous response

A practical method is described for instantaneous frequency measurement by computation of the reciprocal of the time interval between two events. Use is made of inexpensive integrated circuits.