Determination of the temperature dependency of the electrical parameters of CIGS solar cells

Two types of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells, both designed for implementation in CIGS modules, were subjected to temperatures between 25C and 105C. Simultaneous exposure to AM1.5 illumination allowed the measurement of their electrical parameters at these temperatures. These two types of solar cells, produced with different deposition routes on...

Critical headway estimation under uncertainty and non-ideal communication conditions

This article proposes a safety check extension to Adaptive Cruise Control systems where the critical headway time is estimated in real-time. This critical headway time estimate enables automated reaction to crisis circumstances such as when a preceding vehicle performs an emergency brake. We discuss a method for critical headway approximation...

I-deals in Nederland: welke werkgevers sluiten ze en wat kan het hun opleveren?

Deze studie richt zich enerzijds op factoren die de ruimte bepalen voor het bieden van arbeidsvoorwaarden op maat (oftewel i-deals), en anderzijds op de relatie tussen de benutting van i-deals door leidinggevenden en de bedrijfsprestaties, ziekteverzuim en personeelsverloop. Relaties zijn onderzocht met recent verzamelde data afkomstig van 3.427...

Origin of the dark-current ideality factor in polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells

In organic bulk heterojunction solar cells, a deviation of the ideality factor of the dark current from unity is commonly put forward as evidence for the presence of trap-assisted recombination. We demonstrate that the non-ideality of the dark characteristics is determined by deeply trapped carriers in the transport-dominating constituent of the...

The effect of ketone defects on the charge transport and charge recombination in polyfluorenes

The effect of on-chain ketone defects on the charge transport of the polyfluorene derivative poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) is investigated. Using MoO3 as ohmic hole contact, the hole transport in a pristine PFO diode is observed to be limited by space-charge, whereas fluorenone contaminated PFO (PFO-F) is shown to be trap limited by the...

Angular illumination and truncation of three different integrating nephelometers: Implications for empirical, size-based corrections

Integrating nephelometers are widely used for monitoring and research applications related to air pollution and climate. Several commercial versions of the instrument are available and are in wide use in the community. This article reports on results from a calibration and intercomparison workshop where several units of the three most widely...