document

Acute toxicity resulting from human exposures to military smokes

van Hulst, M. (author), Langenberg, J.P. (author), de Klerk, W.P.C. (author), Alblas, M.J. (author)

The toxicity of smoke-generating ammunition can be established by looking at the complete hand grenade or only at the smoke composition. In this paper both approaches are described. The toxicity of a signalling smoke was assessed as a complete smoke hand grenade whereas for a 76 mm screening smoke canister only a red phosphorus (RP) pellet was...

article 2017

document

Locust bean gum safety in neonates and young infants: An integrated review of the toxicological database and clinical evidence

Meunier, L. (author), Garthoff, J.A. (author), Schaafsma, A. (author), Krul, L. (author), Schrijver, J. (author), van Goudoever, J.B. (author), Speijers, G. (author), Vandenplas, Y. (author)

Locust bean gum (LBG) is a galactomannan polysaccharide used as thickener in infant formulas with the therapeutic aim to treat uncomplicated gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Since its use in young infants below 12. weeks of age is not explicitly covered by the current scientific concept of the derivation of health based guidance values, the...

article 2014

document

Estimation of the acute inhalation hazards of chemicals based on route-to-route and local endpoint extrapolation: Experience from Bulk Maritime Transport

Höfer, T. (author), James, D. (author), Syversen, T. (author), Bowmer, T. (author)

Data on acute lethal inhalation toxicity from animal studies are commonly required for assessing the hazards to human health of volatile, gaseous and dusty chemicals or their mixtures. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) made the provision of acute inhalation toxicity data a mandatory requirement for the carriage of bulk liquid...

article 2011

document

REACH, non-testing approaches and the urgent need for a change in mind set

Schaafsma, G. (author), Kroese, E.D. (author), Tielemans, E.L.J.P. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), van Leeuwen, C.J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)

The objectives of REACH cannot be achieved under the current risk assessment approach. A change in mind set among all the relevant stakeholders is needed: risk assessment should move away from a labor-intensive and animal-consuming approach to intelligent and pragmatic testing, by combining exposure and hazard data effectively and trying to...

article 2009

document

Inhalation toxicity studies: OECD guidelines in relation to REACH and scientific developments

Arts, J.H.E. (author), Muijser, H. (author), Jonker, D. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), Bos, P.M.J. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)

The OECD Health Effects Test Guidelines (TGs) provide guidance concerning the use of methods for the identification and characterization of hazards from chemical substances. These TGs are largely based on tests in routine use for many years and are known to yield information relevant to various types of toxicity. They have proven their value in...

article 2008

document

Respiratory irritation associated with inhalation of boron trifluoride and fluorosulfonic acid

Rusch, G.M. (author), Bowden, A.M. (author), Muijser, H. (author), Arts, J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)

The objectives of this study were to examine the respiratory irritancy of boron trifluoride (BF3) and fluorosulfonic acid (FSA) following acute inhalation exposure. Testing was conducted using groups of 10 male and 10 female rats (BF3) or groups of 6 male rats (FSA). Rats were exposed for a single 4-h period (BF3) or a single 1-h period (FSA)...

article 2008

document

Development of a QSAR for worst case estimates of acute toxicity of chemically reactive compounds

Freidig, A.P. (author), Dekkers, S. (author), Verwei, M. (author), Zvinavashe, E. (author), Bessems, J.G.M. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)

Future EU legislations enforce a fast hazard and risk assessment of thousands of existing chemicals. If conducted by means of present data requirements, this assessment will use a huge number of test animals and will be neither cost nor time effective. The purpose of the current research was to develop methods to increase the acceptability of in...

article 2007

document

The FEMA GRAS assessment of aromatic substituted secondary alcohols, ketones, and related esters used as flavor ingredients

Adams, T.B. (author), McGowen, M.M. (author), Williams, M.C. (author), Cohen, S.M. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), Goodman, J.I. (author), Marnett, L.J. (author), Munro, I.C. (author), Portoghese, P.S. (author), Smith, R.L. (author), Waddell, W.J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)

This publication is the 11th in a series of safety evaluations performed by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA). In 1993, the Panel initiated a comprehensive program to re-evaluate the safety of more than 1700 GRAS flavoring substances under conditions of intended use. The list of GRAS substances has now...

article 2007

document

The Draize Eye Test and in vitro alternatives; a left-handed marriage?

Prinsen, M.K. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)

article 2006

document

Quantum chemistry based quantitative structure-activity relationships for modeling the (sub)acute toxicity of substituted mononitrobenzenes in aquatic systems

Zvinavashe, E. (author), Murk, A.J. (author), Vervoort, J. (author), Soffers, A.E.M.F. (author), Freidig, A. (author), Rietjens, I.M.C.M. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)

Fifteen experimental literature data sets on the acute toxicity of substituted nitrobenzenes to algae (Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, C. vulgaris), daphnids (Daphnia magna, D. carinata), fish (Cyprinus carpio, Poecilia reticulata), protozoa (Tetrahymena pyriformis), bacteria (Phosphobacterium phosphoreum), and yeast (Saccharomyces...

article 2006

document

Skin irritation and corrosion

Zuang, V. (author), Alonso, M.A. (author), Botham, P.A. (author), Eskes, C. (author), Fentem, J. (author), Liebsch, M. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)

article 2005

document

UV-induced effects

Liebsch, M. (author), Spielmann, H. (author), Pape, W. (author), Krul, C. (author), Deguercy, A. (author), Eskes, C.A.M. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)

Regulatory requirements: According to the current Notes for Guidance of the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products (SCCNFP), cosmetic ingredients and mixtures of ingredients absorbing UV light (in particular UV filter chemicals used, for example, to ensure the light stability of cosmetics or used in sun protection...

article 2005

document

The FEMA GRAS assessment of hydroxy- and alkoxy-substituted benzyl derivatives used as flavor ingredients

Adams, T.B. (author), Cohen, S.M. (author), Doull, J. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), Goodman, J.I. (author), Marnett, L.J. (author), Munro, I.C. (author), Portoghese, P.S. (author), Smith, R.L. (author), Waddell, W.J. (author), Wagner, B.M. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)

This publication is the ninth in a series of safety evaluations performed by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA). In 1993, the Panel initiated a comprehensive program to re-evaluate the safety of more than 1700 GRAS flavoring substances under conditions of intended use. Elements that are fundamental to the...

article 2005

document

The FEMA GRAS assessment of benzyl derivatives used as flavor ingredients

Adams, T.B. (author), Cohen, S.M. (author), Doull, J. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), Goodman, J.I. (author), Marnett, L.J. (author), Munro, I.C. (author), Portoghese, P.S. (author), Smith, R.L. (author), Waddell, W.J. (author), Wagner, B.M. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)

This publication is the eighth in a series of safety evaluations performed by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA). In 1993, the panel initiated a comprehensive program to re-evaluate the safety of more than 1700 GRAS flavoring substances under conditions of intended use. Elements that are fundamental to...

article 2005

document

Toxicokinetics and metabolism

Coecke, S. (author), Blaauboer, B.J. (author), Elaut, G. (author), Freeman, S. (author), Freidig, A. (author), Gensmantel, N. (author), Hoet, P. (author), Kapoulas, V.M. (author), Ladstetter, B. (author), Langley, G. (author), Leahy, D. (author), Mannens, G. (author), Meneguz, A. (author), Monshouwer, M. (author), Nemery, B. (author), Pelkonen, O. (author), Pfaller, W. (author), Prieto, P. (author), Proctor, N. (author), Rogiers, V. (author), Rostami-Hodjegan, A. (author), Sabbioni, E. (author), Steiling, W. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)

article 2005

document

Strategies to replace in vivo acute systemic toxicity testing: The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 50

Gennari, A. (author), van den Berghe, C. (author), Casati, S. (author), Castell, J. (author), Clemedson, C. (author), Coecke, S. (author), Colombo, A. (author), Curren, R. (author), Dal Negro, G. (author), Goldberg, A. (author), Gosmore, C. (author), Hartung, T. (author), Langezaal, I. (author), Lessigiarska, I. (author), Maas, W. (author), Mangelsdorf, I. (author), Parchment, R. (author), Prieto, P. (author), Sintes, J.R. (author), Ryan, M. (author), Schmuck, G. (author), Stitzel, K. (author), Stokes, W. (author), Vericat, J.A. (author), Gribaldo, L. (author), TNO Voeding (author)

article 2004

document

Asthma-like symptoms following intratracheal exposure of guinea pigs to sulfur mustard aerosol: Therapeutic efficacy of exogenous lung surfactant Curosurf and Salbutamol

van Helden, H.P.M. (author), Kuijpers, W.C. (author), Diemel, R.V. (author)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate: (1) the acute effects of sulfur mustard on airway, lung, and surface tension of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALfluid) in guinea pigs following intratracheal (i.t.) exposure to 1LD50 of an aerosolized solution of sulfur mustard in saline, and (2) the therapeutic efficacy of i.t....

article 2004

document

Biochemical and behavioral effects of soman vapors in low concentrations

Bajgar, J. (author), Ševelová, L. (author), Krejčová, G. (author), Fusek, J. (author), Vachek, J. (author), Kassa, J. (author), Herink, J. (author), de Jong, L.P.A. (author), Benschop, H.P. (author)

Soman belongs to the most dangerous nerve agents because of the low effectiveness of the presently available antidotes. Soman acts by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) both peripherally and centrally, with a subsequent accumulation of neuromediator acetylcholine and other metabolic changes. From the data published in literature it can be...

article 2004

document

Bioconcentration and acute toxicity of polycyclic musks in two benthic organisms (Chironomus riparius and Lumbriculus variegatus)

Artola-Garicano, E. (author), Sinnige, T.L. (author), van Holsteijn, I. (author), Vaes, W.H.J. (author), Hermens, J.L.M. (author)

In the current study, the bioconcentration behavior and acute toxicity of two polycyclic musks, Tonalide® 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6,-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN) and Galaxolide® 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexa-methyl-cyclopenta[γ]-2- benzopyran (HHCB), were studied in two benthic organisms. Polycyclic musks are frequently...

article 2003

document

Polyacrylate-coated SPME fibers as a tool to simulate body residues and target concentrations of complex organic mixtures for estiomation of baseline toxicity

Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO TNO Voeding (author), Verbruggen, E.M.J. (author), Vaes, W.H.J. (author), J.L.M. Parkerton, Hermens, (author)

The acute toxicity of narcotic organic chemical mixtures is related to the total molar concentration within organisms. In this study, the use of polyacrylate SPME fibers is investigated for the purpose of biomimetic extractions, a procedure used to simulate bioconcentration and to estimate total concentrations in aquatic organisms. Experimental...

article 2000