Zinc load of surface waters in the Netherlands and the share of zinc metal products

Natively textured ZnO grown by PECVD as front electrode material for amorphous silicon pin solar cells

Natively textured ZnO layers for the application as front electrode material in amorphous silicon pin solar cells have been deposited by Expanding Thermal Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition. Films deposited in the temperature regime from 150 to 350°C at a rate between 0.65 and 0.75 nm/s have been characterteed with respect to their optical,...

Expanding thermal plasma CVD of textured ZNO with focus on solar cell applications

A new method for low temperature deposition of surface textured ZnO is presented utilizing an expanding thermal plasma created by a cascaded arc. Films have been deposited at 150-350°C at a rate of typically 0.65-0.75 nm/s, exhibiting low sheet resistance (> 10 Ω/□), high transmittance (>80%) and a rough surface texture. Surface roughness...

Anion channels in Chara corallina tonoplast membrane: Calcium dependence and rectification

Tonoplast K+ channels of Chara corallina are well characterized but only a few reports mention anion channels, which are likely to play an important role in the tonoplast action potential and osmoregulation of this plant. For experiments internodal cells were isolated. Cytoplasmic droplets were formed in an iso-osmotic bath solution according to...

Klinische betekenis van extra vitaminen uit supplementen en verrijkte voedingsmiddelen [Clinical importance of extra vitamins from supplements and enriched foodstuffs]

-Consumers increasingly use vitamin supplements. Also, since June 1996, foodstuffs enriched with vitamins are available on the Dutch market. -These sources of extra vitamins may be useful for groups at risk for marginal vitamin deficiencies. -These risk groups include the chronically ill (e.g. diabetics), people using medicaments, older people...

Trace element concentrations and stable lead isotopes in soils as tracers of lead pollution in Graft-De Rijp, the Netherlands

Graft-De Rijp is a former village of whalers, situated twenty-five kilometres north of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Since the foundation of De Rijp in 1612 a mixture of sludge, manure and town refuse (containing Pb-based household artefacts and Pb-based building materials) was used to raise and fertilise the land. Gasworks, coal storehouses,...

Influence of different types of protein on in vitro availability of intrinsic and extrinsic iron and zinc

The influence of beef, pork and soy proteins on intrinsic and extrinsic iron and zinc in vitro availability was investigated, by measuring mineral dialysability. Intrinsic iron dialysability (percentage of iron dialysed) was similar in the animal proteins and higher than that from soy protein isolate (P < 0.001). Intrinsic zinc dialysability...

Use of factorial designs in combination toxicity studies

The use of factorial designs, in which n chemicals are studied at x(n) dose levels (x treatment groups), has been put forward as one of the valuable statistical approaches for hazard assessment of chemical mixtures. Very recently a '25 study' was presented to describe interactions between the carcinogenic activity of five polycyclic aromatic...

Effects of nutrient trace metal speciation on algal growth in the presence of the chelator [S,S]-EDDS

This study tests the hypothesis that the apparent toxicity of strong chelators in standard algal growth inhibition tests (e.g. method OECD 201, EC C.3., ISO 8692) is related to essential trace metal bioavailability. This hypothesis was investigated for the chelator [S,S]-ethylene diamine disuccinate ([S,S]-EDDS) and the green alga Chlorella...

In vitro availability of iron and zinc: Effects of the type, concentration and fractions of digestion products of the protein

An in vitro dialysis method was employed to determine the effect on the Fe and Zn absorption of the type (beef, pork and soyabean) and the amount (10 and 30 g/kg) of protein present. In addition, the effects of low- and high-molecular-weight (LMW and HMW respectively) digestion products were investigated. After in vitro digestion and dialysis a...

Theeffects of a high-animal- and a high-vegetable-protein diet on mineral balance and bowel function of young men

Twelve young men were given for periods of 20 d, each of three mixed diets, namely a low-protein (LP) diet (9% total energy as protein, 67% of animal origin), a high-animal-protein (HA) diet (16% total energy as protein, 67% of animal origin) and a high-vegetable-protein (HV) diet (16% total energy as protein, 67% of vegetable origin). Retention...

Toxicokinetics of hexavalent chromium in the rat after intratracheal administration of chromates of different solubilities

The kinetics of chromium in the rat after a single intratracheal dose of sodium, zinc or lead 51Cr-chromate have been investigated. Sodium chromate and the less soluble zinc chromate were absorbed into the blood and this resulted in increased excretion of chromium into the urine. The insoluble lead chromate was poorly absorbed from the lungs....

Absence of an effect of lead acetate on sperm morphology, sister chromatid exchanges or on micronuclei formation in rabbits

The influence of lead on sperm morphology, sister chromatid exchanges or on micronuclei formation was studied on male rabbits after exposure to doses of 0, 0.25, and 0.50 mg lead acetate/kg body weight subcutaneously injected three times a week during 14 weeks, each on a group of five rabbits. At the end of exposure phase the lead in blood...