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Jacobs, J.J.L. (author), Lehé, C.L. (author), Cammans, K.D.A. (author), Das, P.K. (author), Elliott, G.R. (author)The human organotypic skin explant culture (hOSEC) model is a promising alternative in vitro model for screening contact allergens. In this model, the chemical-induced migration of Langerhans cells (LCs) out of the epidermis, evaluated after a 24-h exposure period, is used as a measure of sensitizer potential. As skin irritants can also induce...article 2004
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Artola-Garicano, E. (author), Sinnige, T.L. (author), van Holsteijn, I. (author), Vaes, W.H.J. (author), Hermens, J.L.M. (author)In the current study, the bioconcentration behavior and acute toxicity of two polycyclic musks, Tonalide® 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6,-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN) and Galaxolide® 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexa-methyl-cyclopenta[γ]-2- benzopyran (HHCB), were studied in two benthic organisms. Polycyclic musks are frequently...article 2003
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Delaney, B. (author), Carlson, T. (author), Zheng, G.-H. (author), Hess, R. (author), Knutson, N. (author), Frazer, S. (author), Ostergren, K. (author), van Zijverden, M. (author), Knippels, L. (author), Jonker, D. (author), Penninks, A. (author), TNO Voeding (author)The cholesterol-lowering effect observed following consumption of oats and barley is attributable to the β-glucan component of the soluble fiber fraction of these cereal grains. β-Glucan has also been reported to modulate immune activity, however, few studies have evaluated the hematological effects of β-glucan following oral exposure. In the...article 2003
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Emmen, H.H. (author), Muijser, H. (author), Arts, J.H.E. (author), Prinsen, M.K. (author), TNO Voeding Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)The objective of this study was to establish the possible occurrence of eye irritation and subjective symptoms in human volunteers exposed to propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) vapour at concentrations of 0, 100 and 150 ppm. Testing was conducted in 12 healthy male volunteers using a repeated measures design. Each subject was exposed for 2...article 2003
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Kuper, C.F. (author), Arts, J.H.E. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), TNO Voeding (author)The mucosal membranes form a weak mechanical barrier, but they are provided with an extensive specific and non-specific defence system. Antigenic stimulation of the mucosal immune system of the oronasal passages induces specific, local immune responses, and activates immune components of mucosae elsewhere as well as the systemic immune system....article 2003
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Rennen, M.A.J. (author), Nordheim, K. (author), Houben, G.F. (author), de Heer, C. (author), Instituut CIVO-Toxicologie en Voeding TNO (author)Health risks resulting from occupational exposure to chemicals are controlled by the establishment of acceptable dermal and respiratory exposure levels. Due to a lack of route-specific toxicity data, acceptable levels are frequently established by means of route-to-route extrapolation. A pitfall in route-to-route extrapolation is the occurrence...article 2002
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Richards, A.B. (author), Krakowka, S. (author), Dexter, L.B. (author), Schmid, H. (author), Wolterbeek, A.P.M. (author), Waalkens-Berendsen, D.H. (author), Shigoyuki, A. (author), Kurimoto, M. (author), Instituut CIVO-Toxicologie en Voeding TNO (author)This paper contains a review of the history, natural occurrence, human consumption, metabolism, manufacture, and the results of eight standardized animal safety studies using trehalose. Trehalose (α,α-trehalose) is a naturally occurring sugar containing two D-glucose units in an α,α-1,1 linkage. Trehalose functions in many organisms as an energy...article 2002
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Jacobs, J.J.L. (author), Lehé, C. (author), Cammans, K.D.A. (author), Das, P.K. (author), Elliott, G.R. (author)We evaluated the potential of human organotypic skin explant cultures (hOSECs) for screening skin irritants. Test chemicals were applied to the epidermis of the skin explants which were incubated for 4, 24 or 48 h in tissue culture medium. A decrease in epidermal RNA staining, visualised in frozen sections using a modified methyl-green pyronine ...article 2002
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Clary, J.J. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), van Velthuijsen, J.A. (author), TNO Voeding (author)Organo psycho syndrome (OPS) or chronic toxic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurotoxic condition reported following long-term exposure to paints containing organic solvent and to other solvents. Lactate esters are finding wider use as solvents. Lactate esters have been well studied in standard toxicity tests, but specific neurotoxicity studies have...article 2001
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Magos, L. (author), TNO BIBRA International Ltd, Woodmansterne Rd, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 4DS, United Kingdom Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO TNO Voeding (author)Chemicals/CAS: Biological Products; Ethylmercury Compounds; Food Additives; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; Thimerosal, 54-64-8article 2001
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Hakkert, B.C. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)The regulatory requirements for the registration of pesticides are mainly evolved from concern about dietary exposure and risk, i.e. chronic oral exposure. Pesticide workers, however, are predominantly exposed dermally and intermittently. The present critique provides suggestions for improvement of toxicity studies to refine the risk assessment...article 2001
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van Hemmen, J.J. (author), Groeneveld, C.N. (author), van Drooge, H. (author), van Haelst, A.G. (author), Schipper, A.H.J. (author), van der Jagt, K.E. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)Chemicals/CAS: Pesticidesarticle 2001
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Reichl, F.X. (author), Durner, J. (author), Kunzelmann, K.H. (author), Hickel, R. (author), Spahl, W. (author), Hume, W.R. (author), Moes, G.W.H (author), Kehe, K. (author), Walther, U. (author), Forth, W. (author)The excretion of the dental composite component triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) in feces and urine in vivo and, using the pendular perfusion technique with segments of jejunum and colon, the biliary and enteric excretion in situ were investigated in anesthetized guinea pigs. In the in situ experiments guinea pigs (n=4) received TEGDMA...article 2001
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Woutersen, R.A. (author), Jonker, D. (author), Stevenson, H. (author), te Biesebeek, J.D. (author), Slob, W. (author), Instituut CIVO-Toxicologie en Voeding TNO (author)The OECD study design, aimed at obtaining a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), may be suboptimal for deriving a benchmark dose. Therefore the present subacute (28-day) study was carried out to evaluate a multiple dose study design and to compare the results with the common OECD design. Seven groups of 10 female rats each were...article 2001
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Maas, W.J.M. (author), Leeman, W.R. (author), Groten, J.P. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)Precision-cut liver slices are frequently used to study hepatic toxicity and metabolism of xenobiotics in vitro. Successful cryopreservation techniques will enhance an efficient and economic use of scarcely available (human) liver tissue. For primary hepatocytes, slow freezing has been accepted as the best approach towards successful...article 2000
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Albertini, R.J. (author), Anderson, D. (author), Douglas, G.R. (author), Hagmar, L. (author), Hemminki, K. (author), Merlo, F. (author), Natarajan, A.T. (author), Norppa, H. (author), Shuker, D.E.G. (author), Tice, R. (author), Waters, M.D. (author), Aitio, A. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven TNO Bibra (author)The purpose of these guidelines is to provide concise guidance on the planning, performing and interpretation of studies to monitor groups or individuals exposed to genotoxic agents. Most human carcinogens are genotoxic but not all genotoxic agents have been shown to be carcinogenic in humans. Although the main interest in these studies is due...article 2000
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Griffiths, R. (author), Grieve, A. (author), Scollon, J. (author), Scott, M. (author), Williams, C. (author), Meredith, C. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven TNO Bibra (author)Using primary cultures of mouse cerebellar granule cells as an in vitro model system, it has been demonstrated that different profiles of temporal expression of the c-fos proto-oncogene are observed under non-excitotoxic and excitotoxic conditions. A ratio has been derived previously for the steady- state level of c-fos mRNA after 30 min and 240...article 2000
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Hissink, A.M. (author), Wormhoudt, L.W. (author), Sherratt, P.J. (author), Hayes, J.D. (author), Commandeur, J.N.M. (author), Vermeulen, N.P.E. (author), van Bladeren, P.J. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO TNO Voeding (author)A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) model was developed for ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromoethane, EDB) for rats and humans, partly based on previously published in vitro data (Ploemen et al., 1997). In the present study, this PB-PK model has been validated for the rat. In addition, new data were used for the human class ΘGST T1-1....article 2000
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Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO TNO Voeding (author), Verbruggen, E.M.J. (author), Vaes, W.H.J. (author), J.L.M. Parkerton, Hermens, (author)The acute toxicity of narcotic organic chemical mixtures is related to the total molar concentration within organisms. In this study, the use of polyacrylate SPME fibers is investigated for the purpose of biomimetic extractions, a procedure used to simulate bioconcentration and to estimate total concentrations in aquatic organisms. Experimental...article 2000
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Hempenius, R.A. (author), Lina, B.A.R. (author), Haggitt, R.C. (author)Arachidonic acid oil (ARA-oil) derived from the fungus Mortierella alpina for use in infant nutrition was tested in a subchronic (13-week) oral toxicity study in rats, preceded by an in utero exposure phase. The ARA-oil was administered as admixture to the rodent diet at dose levels of 3000 ppm, 15,000 ppm and 75,000 ppm. An additional high-dose...article 2000