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Schaafsma, G. (author), Kroese, E.D. (author), Tielemans, E.L.J.P. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), van Leeuwen, C.J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)The objectives of REACH cannot be achieved under the current risk assessment approach. A change in mind set among all the relevant stakeholders is needed: risk assessment should move away from a labor-intensive and animal-consuming approach to intelligent and pragmatic testing, by combining exposure and hazard data effectively and trying to...article 2009
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Madsen, C.B. (author), Hattersley, S. (author), Buck, J. (author), Gendel, S.M. (author), Houben, G.F. (author), Hourihane, J.OB. (author), Mackie, A. (author), Mills, E.N.C. (author), Nørhede, P. (author), Taylor, S.L. (author), Crevel, R.W.R. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)A workshop was organised to investigate whether risk assessment strategies and methodologies used in classical/conventional toxicology may be used for risk assessment of allergenic foods, to discuss the advantages and limitations of different approaches and to determine the research needed to move the area forward. Three possible approaches to...article 2009
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van der Laan, J.W. (author), Forster, R. (author), Ledwith, B. (author), Gruber, M. (author), Gould, S. (author), Segal, L. (author), Penninks, A. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Vaccine research and development is a heterogeneous and intensely active area, encompassing the development of many different kinds of novel preventive and therapeutic vaccines (eg, against infectious, allergic, and autoimmune diseases, cancer, etc). Included in this is the development of different types of vaccines (eg, DNA vaccines, novel...article 2009
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Arts, J.H.E. (author), Muijser, H. (author), Jonker, D. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), Bos, P.M.J. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)The OECD Health Effects Test Guidelines (TGs) provide guidance concerning the use of methods for the identification and characterization of hazards from chemical substances. These TGs are largely based on tests in routine use for many years and are known to yield information relevant to various types of toxicity. They have proven their value in...article 2008
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de Weert, J. (author), de la Cal, A. (author), van den Berg, H. (author), Murk, A. (author), Langenhoff, A. (author), Rijnaarts, H. (author), Grotenhuis, T. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)The surfactant nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine-disrupting compound that is widely spread throughout the environment. Although environmental risk assessments are based on total NP concentrations, only the bioavailable fraction posses an environmental risk. The present study describes the bioavailability and biodegradability of NP over time in...article 2008
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Arts, J.H.E. (author), de Jong, W.H. (author), van Triel, J.J. (author), Schijf, M.A. (author), de Klerk, A. (author), van Loveren, H. (author), Kuper, C.F. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)The local lymph node assay (LLNA) is used to test the potential of low molecular weight (LMW) compounds to induce sensitization via the skin. In the present study, a respiratory LLNA was developed. Male BALB/c mice were exposed head/nose-only during three consecutive days for 45, 90, 180, or 360 min/day to various LMW allergens. Ear application ...article 2008
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Rusch, G.M. (author), Bowden, A.M. (author), Muijser, H. (author), Arts, J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)The objectives of this study were to examine the respiratory irritancy of boron trifluoride (BF3) and fluorosulfonic acid (FSA) following acute inhalation exposure. Testing was conducted using groups of 10 male and 10 female rats (BF3) or groups of 6 male rats (FSA). Rats were exposed for a single 4-h period (BF3) or a single 1-h period (FSA)...article 2008
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Blum, R. (author), Kiy, T. (author), Waalkens-Berendsen, I. (author), Wong, A.W. (author), Roberts, A. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Polyunsaturated fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are natural constituents of the human diet. DHA-algal oil is produced through the use of the marine protist, Ulkenia sp. The reproductive toxicity of DHA-algal oil was assessed in a one-generation study. Rats were provided diets containing DHA-algal oil at concentrations of 1.5,...article 2007
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Arts, J.H.E. (author), Kuper, C.F. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)At present, there are no widely applied or fully validated test methods to identify respiratory LMW allergens, i.e. compounds that are considered capable of inducing allergic asthma. Most tests have been investigated using strong respiratory allergens. Moreover, they are meant to detect the potential of a chemical to induce respiratory...article 2007
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Kroes, R. (author), Renwick, A.G. (author), Feron, V. (author), Galli, C.L. (author), Gibney, M. (author), Greim, H. (author), Guy, R.H. (author), Lhuguenot, J.C. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)The threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) has been used for the safety assessment of packaging migrants and flavouring agents that occur in food. The approach compares the estimated oral intake with a TTC value derived from chronic oral toxicity data for structurally-related compounds. Application of the TTC approach to cosmetic ingredients...article 2007
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Adams, T.B. (author), McGowen, M.M. (author), Williams, M.C. (author), Cohen, S.M. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), Goodman, J.I. (author), Marnett, L.J. (author), Munro, I.C. (author), Portoghese, P.S. (author), Smith, R.L. (author), Waddell, W.J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)This publication is the 11th in a series of safety evaluations performed by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA). In 1993, the Panel initiated a comprehensive program to re-evaluate the safety of more than 1700 GRAS flavoring substances under conditions of intended use. The list of GRAS substances has now...article 2007
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Hendriksen, P.J.M. (author), Freidig, A.P. (author), Jonker, D. (author), Thissen, U. (author), Bogaards, J.J.P. (author), Mumtaz, M.M. (author), Groten, J.P. (author), Stierum, R.H. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)The present research aimed to study the interaction of three chemicals, methyl mercury, benzene and trichloroethylene, on mRNA expression alterations in rat liver and kidney measured by microarray analysis. These compounds were selected based on presumed different modes of action. The chemicals were administered daily for 14 days at the Lowest...article 2007
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- Basketter, D. (author), Pease, C. (author), Kasting, G. (author), Kimber, I. (author), Casati, S. (author), Cronin, M. (author), Diembeck, W. (author), Gerberick, F. (author), Hadgraft, J. (author), Hartung, T. (author), Marty, J.P. (author), Nikolaidis, E. (author), Patlewicz, G. (author), Roberts, D. (author), Roggen, E. (author), Rovida, C. (author), van de Sandt, J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author) article 2007
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Dekkers, S. (author), Telman, J. (author), Rennen, M.A.J. (author), Appel, M.J. (author), de Heer, C. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)In this study, the within-animal variation in routinely studied continuous toxicological parameters was estimated from temporal fluctuations in individual healthy nonexposed animals. Assuming that these fluctuations are nonadverse, this within-animal variation may be indicative of the minimal magnitude of the critical effect size (CES). The CES...article 2006
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- Prinsen, M.K. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author) article 2006
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Verwei, M. (author), van Burgsteden, J.A. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), Freidig, A.P. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)The new EU legislations for chemicals (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals, REACH) and cosmetics (Seventh Amendment) stimulate the acceptance of in vitro and in silico approaches to test chemicals for their potential to cause reproductive effects. In the current study seven compounds with known in vivo developmental effects...article 2006
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Appel, M.J. (author), van Veen, H.A. (author), Vietsch, H. (author), Salaheddine, M. (author), Nuijens, J.H. (author), Ziere, B. (author), de Loos, F. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)The oral toxicity of recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF) produced in the milk of transgenic cows was investigated in Wistar rats by daily administration via oral gavage for 13 consecutive weeks, 7 days per week. The study used four groups of 20 rats/sex/dose. The control group received physiological saline and the three test groups received...article 2006
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Frieke Kuper, C. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Histologic examination of lymphoid organs has revealed immunotoxic effects of a broad range of substances. The thymus has proven especially sensitive. The relative lack of sensitivity of mucosa-associated lymphoid cells and tissues may be due to shortcomings in the way they are examined. Validation of ways to examine mucosal lymphoid tissues and...article 2006
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Lina, B.A.R. (author), Wolterbeek, A.P.M. (author), Suwa, Y. (author), Fujikawa, S. (author), Ishikura, Y. (author), Tsuda, S. (author), Dohnalek, M. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are natural constituents found in human milk, fish oil or egg yolk. Until recently, infant formulas, though providing the essential fatty acid precursors for these PUFAs, did not contain preformed ARA or DHA. In this study the safety of SUNTGA40S...article 2006
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- Eskes, C. (author), Bessou, S. (author), Bruner, L. (author), Curren, R. (author), Harbell, J. (author), Jones, P. (author), Kreiling, R. (author), Liebsch, M. (author), McNamee, P. (author), Pape, W. (author), Prinsen, M.K. (author), Seidle, T. (author), Vanparys, P. (author), Worth, A. (author), Zuang, V. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author) article 2005