Effects of passivation configuration and emitter surface doping concentration on polarization-type potential-induced degradation in n-type crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules

System voltages can cause significant degradation in photovoltaic modules. Polarization-type potential-induced degradation (PID) is accompanied by decreases in the short-circuit current density and the open-circuit voltage. The system voltage causes a polarization and surface charge accumulation, increasing the interface recombination. The...

Advances and challenges in understanding the electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to fuels

The electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide is a promising approach for storing (excess) renewable electricity as chemical energy in fuels. Here, we review recent advances and challenges in the understanding of electrochemical CO2 reduction. We discuss existing models for the initial activation of CO2 on the electrocatalyst and their...

Analysis of irradiation processes for laser-induced periodic surface structures

The influence of errors on the irradiation process for laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) was studied theoretically with energy density simulations. Therefore an irradiation model has been extended by a selection of technical variations. The influence of errors has been found in a deviation from optimal conditions, by a shift or...

Determination of irradiation parameters for laser-induced periodic surface structures

The spatial emergence of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on single-crystalline silicon, upon irradiation with linearly polarized picosecond laser pulses (wavelength λ = 1030 nm, pulse duration τ = 6.7 ps, pulse repetition frequency fp = 1 kHz) was studied theoretically and experimentally, under lateral displacement conditions....

Ultra-short-pulsed laser-machined nanogratings of laser-induced periodic surface structures on thin molybdenum layers

Large areas of regular diffraction nanogratings were produced consisting of so-called laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on thin molybdenum layers (<400 nm) deposited on a borosilicate glass substrate. The aim was to produce these structures without ablating nor cracking the molybdenum layer. Ultra short laser pulses were applied...

Modeling of laser induced periodic surface structures

In surfaces irradiated by short laser pulses, Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) have been observed on all kind of materials for over forty years. These LIPSS, also referred to as ripples, consist of wavy surfaces with periodicity equal or smaller than the wavelength of the laser radiation. Unfortunately, the physical phenomena...

Theoretical investigation of van der Waals forces between solid surfaces at nanoscales

A theoretical investigation of van der Waals forces acting between two solid silicon surfaces at separations from zero to approximately 20 nm is presented. We focused our efforts on the analysis of different factors that can cause deviations from the classical pressure-distance dependence p ∼ 1/D3. It is demonstrated that a layer (oxide or water...

Aerosol retrievals over land and sea surfaces using combined satellite measurements from MSG-SEVIRI and Envisat-AATSR

In order to investigate the high temporal variability of aerosols properties over large areas, we are proposing to use geostationary observations from the Spinning Enhanced Visible Infrared Radiometer (SEVIRI) aboard the Meteosat Second Generation satellite (MSG). The algorithm described in this contribution is used to derive daytime Aerosol...

Subsurface structure of the Netherlands - Results of recent onshore and offshore mapping

This paper presents depth maps for eight key horizons and seven thickness maps covering the onshore and offshore areas for the Late Permian to recent sedimentary section of the Netherlands. These maps, prepared in the context of a TNO regional mapping project, are supported by nine regional structural cross sections and a table summarizing the...

Report of the working group on dynamics

This review article was especially prepared for possible use of code designers. Its purpose is to frame standard dynamics problems and algorithms within classical structural reliability schemes. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.