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Helmroth, I.E. (author), Bekhuis, H.A.M. (author), Linssen, J.P.H. (author), Dekker, M. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)A method, based on microtoming and GC analysis, for studying migration of additives inside polymers as a function of space and time was validated for Irganox 1076 migrating from low-density polyethylene to ethanol. The consistency of the mass balance of the total amount of Irganox 1076 in the polymer and the solvent after different incubation...article 2002
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Helmroth, I.E. (author), Dekker, M. (author), Hankemeier, T. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)The effect of solvent absorption on additive migration was studied by relating the diffusion coefficient (D) of Irganox 1076 to the maximum solvent absorption of different solvents in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film. Solvents tested were ethanol, isopropanol, isooctane, ethylacetate, cyclohexane, tributyrin, tricaprylin and olive oil....article 2002
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van Koningsveld, G.A. (author), Gruppen, H. (author), de Jongh, H.H.J. (author), Wijngaards, G. (author), van Boekel, M.A.J.S. (author), Walstra, P. (author), Voragen, A.G.J. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)The effects of pH and various additives on the precipitation and (re)solubility at pH 7 of potato proteins from industrial potato fruit juice (PFJ) were studied. The use of various strong and weak acids did not result in differences in protein precipitation, which on average occurred to a maximum of 60% of total protein at pH 3. Weak acids did,...article 2002
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Kok, S.J. (author), Arentsen, N.C. (author), Cools, P.J.C.H. (author), Hankemeier, Th. (author), Schoenmakers, P.J. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)The use of a state-of-the-art commercial solvent-elimination interface for liquid chromatography-infrared spectroscopy is discussed from the perspective of quantitative analysis. The effect of eluent flow-rate is investigated with respect to the homogeneity of the deposit and the trace width along the deposition trace. Low flow-rates (50 μl/min...article 2002
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Semple, S. (author), Brouwers, D.H. (author), Dick, F. (author), Cherrie, J.W. (author), TNO Voeding (author)The contribution of dermal exposure to the total body burden of a given chemical is difficult to assess. However, it is possible that as regulatory pressures lead to reductions in inhalation exposure, the proportion of uptake via the dermal route will increase. This study brings together recent work in the field of dermal exposure to provide a...article 2001
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Hoekstra, E.J. (author), Duyzer, J.H. (author), de Leer, E.W.B. (author), Brinkman, U.A.Th. (author)Since we demonstrated the natural formation of chloroform in soil, the question arose to which extent this contributes to the chloroform present in the atmosphere. Concentration gradients in soil air and atmospheric air of different forests were measured. Chloroform concentration gradients indicating emission occur in forest soils and the...article 2001
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Clary, J.J. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), van Velthuijsen, J.A. (author), TNO Voeding (author)Organo psycho syndrome (OPS) or chronic toxic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurotoxic condition reported following long-term exposure to paints containing organic solvent and to other solvents. Lactate esters are finding wider use as solvents. Lactate esters have been well studied in standard toxicity tests, but specific neurotoxicity studies have...article 2001
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Sartorelli, P. (author), Andersen, H.R. (author), Angerer, J. (author), Corish, J. (author), Drexler, H. (author), Göen, T. (author), Griffin, P. (author), Hotchkiss, S.A.M. (author), Larese, F. (author), Montomoli, L. (author), Perkins, J. (author), Schmelz, M. (author), van de Sandt, J. (author), Williams, F. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)During the last few years the general interest in the percutaneous absorption of chemicals has increased. It is generally accepted that there is very few reliable quantitative and qualitative data on dermal exposure to chemicals in the general population and in occupationally exposed workers. In order to predict the systemic risk of dermally...article 2000
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- Slenders, J.L.A. (author), Borger, A.R. (author), Gerritse, J. (author), Langenhoff, A.A.M. (author), ter Meer, J. (author), Baartmans, R.F.W. (author), de Kreuk, H. (author), Verhaagen, P. (author), Theeuwen, J. (author), TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author) conference paper 2000
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Göschel, U. (author), Cools, P.J.C.H. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)The changes of the average molar mass Mw, Mn, Mz, and molar mass distributions during multistep uniaxial drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to achieve ultimate mechanical properties have been studied in detail by means of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with triple detection: concentration, viscosimetry, and light scattering,...article 2000
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van de Leur, R.H.M. (author), van der Waal, A. (author), TNO Industrie (author)The vapours of organic solvents like toluene, butanon, and ethanol do effect the electrical conductivity of electrochemically synthesised polypyrrole. This property allows the use of polypyrrole in sensors for vapour detection. The conductivity is also a function of temperature and the history of the sensor. When exposed to water vapour, the...article 1999
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Thijsse, T.R. (author), van Oss, R.F. (author), Lenschow, P. (author), Instituut voor Milieu- en Energietechnologie TNO (author)During three measuring campaigns in June, July, and August 1996, volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations were measured at a rural background site, a city residential site, and a street site in Berlin. In addition, samples were taken near relevant sources of VOCs. The measurements covered the volatile hydrocarbons in the range C1-C14 and...article 1999
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ter Horst, J.H. (author), Geertman, R.M. (author), van der Heijden, A.E.D.M. (author), van Rosmalen, G.M. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)A solvent can have a large influence on the crystal morphology. A molecular modeling technique based on the adsorption of solvent molecules on a crystal surface has been used to predict the influence of a solvent on the morphology of RDX. The predicted morphology has been compared with the experimentally found morphology of RDX crystallized from...article 1999
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van Groenestijn, J.W. (author), Lake, M.E. (author), TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author)Biological techniques are highly cost-effective for the treatment of off-gases containing low concentrations of pollutants (<5 g/m3). They may also be attractive for the elimination of higher concentrations of explosive hydrocarbons (when compared to incineration). Conventional techniques such as biofilters have low elimination capacities for...article 1999
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Cappaert, N.L.M. (author), Klis, S.F.L. (author), Muijser, H. (author), de Groot, J.C.M.J. (author), Kulig, B.M. (author), Smoorenburg, G.F. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)Exposure to organic solvents has been shown to be ototoxic in animals and there is evidence that these solvents can induce hearing loss in humans. In this study, the effects of inhalation of the possibly ototoxic solvent ethyl benzene on the cochlear function and morphology were evaluated using three complementary techniques: (1) reflex...article 1999
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- Hankemeier, T. (author), Kok, S.J. (author), Vreuls, R.J.J. (author), Brinkman, U.A.Th. (author) article 1999
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Feron, V.J. (author), Cassee, F.R. (author), Groten, J.P. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)This paper reviews major activities outside the United States on human health issues related to chemical mixtures. In Europe an international study group on combination effects has been formed and has started by defining synergism and antagonism. Successful research programs in Europe include the development and application of statistically...article 1998
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Clary, J.J. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), van Velthuijsen, J.A. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)Lactate eaters have an oral LD50 greater than 2000 mg/kg and the inhalation LC50 is generally above 5000 mg/m3 and they may be potential eye and skin irritants, but not skin sensitizers. No evidence of teratogenicity or maternal toxicity was observed in an inhalation (2-ethylhexyl-L-lactate) or dermal study (ethyl-L-lactate). Subacute inhalation...article 1998
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Steijger, O.M. (author), Kamminga, D.A. (author), Lingeman, H. (author), Brinkman, U.A.T. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO TNO Voeding (author)The synthesis of a new acridinium sulphonylamide label for the liquid chromatographic determination of carboxylic acids is described. The label 10-methyl-N-(p-tolyl)-N-(p-iodoacetamidobenzenesulphonyl)-9-acridinium carboxamide iodide is synthesized from 9-acridinecarboxylic acid by a seven-step reaction. Ibuprofen, used as test compound, is...article 1998
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Rulkens, W.H. (author), Bruning, H. (author), van Hasselt, H.J. (author), Rienks, J. (author), van Veen, H.J. (author), Terlingen, J.P.M. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)Solvent extraction is one of the possibilities to clean-up polluted sediments. It is especially attractive when the sediment mainly consists of clay particles polluted with contaminants which are not, or not easily, biodegradable. Using acetone as extracting agent the extraction process has been investigated at laboratory scale for treating...conference paper 1998