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- Coecke, S. (author), Blaauboer, B.J. (author), Elaut, G. (author), Freeman, S. (author), Freidig, A. (author), Gensmantel, N. (author), Hoet, P. (author), Kapoulas, V.M. (author), Ladstetter, B. (author), Langley, G. (author), Leahy, D. (author), Mannens, G. (author), Meneguz, A. (author), Monshouwer, M. (author), Nemery, B. (author), Pelkonen, O. (author), Pfaller, W. (author), Prieto, P. (author), Proctor, N. (author), Rogiers, V. (author), Rostami-Hodjegan, A. (author), Sabbioni, E. (author), Steiling, W. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author) article 2005
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Hueber-Becker, F. (author), Nohynek, G.J. (author), Meuling, W.J.A. (author), Benech-Kieffer, F. (author), Toutain, H. (author), TNO Voeding (author)We investigated the absorption of a commercial [14C]-PPD- containing oxidative dark-shade hair dye in human volunteers as well as in vitro using human or pig ear skin. The hair of eight male volunteers was cut to a standard length, dyed, washed, dried, clipped and collected. Hair, washing water, materials used in the study and a 24-h scalp wash...article 2004
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van Hemmen, J.J. (author), TNO Voeding (author)Chemicals / CAS: 4,4' methylenedianiline, 101-77-9; Hazardous Substances.article 2004
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Kromhout, H. (author), Fransman, W. (author), Vermeulen, R. (author), Roff, M. (author), van Hemmen, J.J. (author), TNO Voeding (author)Introduction: The RISKOFDERM project collected task-based estimates of potential dermal exposure from a wide range of industries and services from around Europe. A formal statistical analysis was carried out to explore the main components of variability in dermal exposure levels. The central research question was to what extent dermal exposure...article 2004
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Kezic, S. (author), Meuling, W.J.A. (author), Jakasa, I. (author), TNO Voeding (author)Objectives: To assess excretion kinetics of free and total (free + conjugated) 2-butoxyacetic acid (BAA) following dermal and inhalation exposure to butoxyethanol (BE). Methods: Six male volunteers were derma lly exposed for 4 h to a 50% aqueous solution of BE on an area of 40 cm2 of the volar forearm. Six other male volunteers were exposed by...article 2004
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van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), van Burgsteden, J.A. (author), Cage, S. (author), Carmichael, P.L. (author), Dick, I. (author), Kenyon, S. (author), Korinth, G. (author), Larese, F. (author), Limasset, J.C. (author), Maas, W.J.M. (author), Montomoli, L. (author), Nielsen, J.B. (author), Payan, J.-P. (author), Robinson, E. (author), Sartorelli, P. (author), Schaller, K.H. (author), Wilkinson, S.C. (author), Williams, F.M. (author), TNO Voeding (author)To obtain better insight into the robustness of in vitro percutaneous absorption methodology, the intra- and inter-laboratory variation in this type of study was investigated in 10 European laboratories. To this purpose, the in vitro absorption of three compounds through human skin (9 laboratories) and rat skin (1 laboratory) was determined. The...article 2004
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Benech-Kieffer, F. (author), Meuling, W.J.A. (author), Leclerc, C. (author), Roza, L. (author), Leclaire, J. (author), Nohynek, G. (author), TNO Voeding (author)The potential human health risk of UV filters depends on their toxicity and the human systemic exposure which is a function of the extent of percutaneous absorption of the topically applied substance into the human organism. Using a 'mass balance' approach, a study was designed to investigate the systemically absorbed dose of [14C]-Mexoryl SX®...article 2003
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Warren, N. (author), Goede, H.A. (author), Tijssen, S.C.H.A. (author), Oppl, R. (author), Schipper, H.J. (author), van Hemmen, J.J. (author), TNO Voeding (author)This paper describes the derivation of default task-based dermal exposure values for use in a risk assessment toolkit for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). A set of separately determined dermal exposure modifiers have been applied to published studies of dermal exposure to obtain 'normalized' dermal exposure data sets. These data sets...article 2003
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Schuhmacher-Wolz, U. (author), Kalberlah, F. (author), Oppl, R. (author), van Hemmen, J.J. (author), TNO Voeding (author)The toxicological background for hazard assessment using a simple to use toolkit for assessment and management of health risks from occupational dermal exposure is presented. Hazard assessment is intended to answer the following questions: (i) is the substance under consideration capable of damaging the skin; (ii) is the substance under...article 2003
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van Hemmen, J.J. (author), Auffarth, J. (author), Evans, P.G. (author), Rajan-Sithamparanadarajah, B. (author), Marquart, H. (author), Oppl, R. (author), TNO Voeding (author)Dermal exposure to industrial chemicals during work is of major concern in the risk assessment of chemicals. Current approaches in procedures for European legislation are not based on experimental data on dermal exposures in workplaces because these are lacking. A large project, with four interrelated work parts, was funded by the European...article 2003
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Goede, H.A. (author), Tijssen, S.C.H.A. (author), Schipper, H.J. (author), Warren, N. (author), Oppl, R. (author), Kalberlah, F. (author), van Hemmen, J.J. (author), TNO Voeding (author)This paper describes how default dermal exposure values can be adjusted with modifier values for specific work situations. The work presented here is supplementary to a toolkit developed for the EU RISKOFDERM project. This toolkit is intended for the assessment and management of dermal risks in small and medium sized enterprises. Potential...article 2003
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Marquart, J. (author), Brouwer, D.H. (author), Gijsbers, J.H.J. (author), Links, I.H.M. (author), Warren, N. (author), van Hemmen, J.J. (author), TNO Voeding (author)Risk assessment of chemicals requires assessment of the exposure levels of workers. In the absence of adequate specific measured data, models are often used to estimate exposure levels. For dermal exposure only a few models exist, which are not validated externally. In the scope of a large European research programme, an analysis of potential...article 2003
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Oppl, R. (author), Kalberlah, F. (author), Evans, P.G. (author), van Hemmen, J.J. (author), TNO Voeding (author)The European Research project RISKOFDERM (QLK4-CT-1999-01107) has two major goals. One is the development of a conceptual model for dermal risk assessment for regulatory purposes, such as the registration of new chemicals. The other goal is to develop a simple-to-use toolkit for assessment and management of health risks from occupational dermal...article 2003
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Tuomainen, A. (author), Kangas, J.A. (author), Meuling, W.J.A. (author), Glass, R.C. (author), Instituut CIVO-Toxicologie en Voeding TNO (author)Malathion was applied to roses in three Finnish greenhouses by hand held lance sprayers. The potential dermal exposure of applicators to this insecticide was measured. Total urine production of each applicator was also collected up to 24 h post application. In the urine samples the specific metabolite of malathion, malathion monocarboxylic acid ...article 2002
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Cnubben, N.H.P. (author), Elliott, G.R. (author), Hakkert, B.C. (author), Meuling, W.J.A. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), TNO Voeding Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)The validity of in vitro and in vivo methods for the prediction of percutaneous penetration in humans was assessed using the fungicide ortho-phenylphenol (OPP) (log Po/w 3.28, MW 170.8, solubility in water 0.7 g/L). In vivo studies were performed in rats and human volunteers, applying the test compound to the dorsal skin and the volar aspect of...article 2002
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Semple, S. (author), Brouwers, D.H. (author), Dick, F. (author), Cherrie, J.W. (author), TNO Voeding (author)The contribution of dermal exposure to the total body burden of a given chemical is difficult to assess. However, it is possible that as regulatory pressures lead to reductions in inhalation exposure, the proportion of uptake via the dermal route will increase. This study brings together recent work in the field of dermal exposure to provide a...article 2001
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Brouwer, D.H. (author), Semple, S. (author), Marquart, J. (author), Cherrie, J.W. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)The discriminative power of existing dermal exposure models is limited. Most models only allow occupational hygienists to rank workers between and within workplaces according to broad bands of dermal exposure. No allowance is made for the work practices of different individuals. In this study a process-based, structured approach has been used to...article 2001
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Marquart, H. (author), Maidment, S. (author), Mcclaflin, J.L. (author), Fehrenbacher, M.C. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)Dermal exposure assessment and modeling is still in early phases of development. This article presents the results of a workshop organized to harmonize the future needs in this field. Methods for dermal exposure assessment either assess the mass of contaminant that is transferred to the skin, or the transfer of contaminant through the skin....article 2001
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Sartorelli, P. (author), Andersen, H.R. (author), Angerer, J. (author), Corish, J. (author), Drexler, H. (author), Göen, T. (author), Griffin, P. (author), Hotchkiss, S.A.M. (author), Larese, F. (author), Montomoli, L. (author), Perkins, J. (author), Schmelz, M. (author), van de Sandt, J. (author), Williams, F. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)During the last few years the general interest in the percutaneous absorption of chemicals has increased. It is generally accepted that there is very few reliable quantitative and qualitative data on dermal exposure to chemicals in the general population and in occupationally exposed workers. In order to predict the systemic risk of dermally...article 2000
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Cherrie, J.W. (author), Brouwer, D.H. (author), Roff, M. (author), Vermeulen, R. (author), Kromhout, H. (author)Fluorescent tracers provide a way of simultaneously assessing the mass of a contaminant hazardous substance on the surface of the skin of a worker and the area of skin exposed. These parameters, along with the duration of exposure and the estimated contaminant concentration in the skin contamination layer, can be used to calculate the likely...article 2000