Atmospheric spatial atomic-layer-deposition of Zn(O,S) buffer layer for flexible Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells: From lab-scale to large area roll to roll processing

In this manuscript we present the first successful application of a spatial atomic-layer-deposition process to thin film solar cells. Zn(O,S) has been grown by spatial atomic layer deposition (S-ALD) at atmospheric pressure and applied as buffer layer in rigid and flexible CIGS cells by a lab-scale (15×15 cm2) S-ALD set-up. We achieved values of...

Atmospheric spatial atomic-layer-deposition of Zn(O, S) buffer layer for flexible Cu(In, Ga)Se2 solar cells: From lab-scale to large area roll to roll processing

In this manuscript we present the first successful application of a spatial atomic-layer-deposition process to thin film solar cells. Zn(O,S) has been grown by spatial atomic layer deposition (S-ALD) at atmospheric pressure and applied as buffer layer in rigid and flexible CIGS cells by a lab-scale (15x15 cm2) S-ALD set-up. We achieved values of...

Identifying parasitic current pathways in CIGS solar cells by modelling dark JV response

The presence of undetermined shunt pathways in CIGS solar cells can be severely limiting to the reproducibility of individual cell efficiency, both at lab-scale, and particularly in a roll-to-roll process. Here, a general model that describes the dark J-V characteristics of CIGS devices, accounting for three separate shunting pathways (Ohmic and...

Large area photonic flash soldering of thin chips on flex foils for flexible electronic systems: In situ temperature measurements and thermal modelling

In this work photonic energy from a high power xenon flash lamp is used for soldering thin chips on polyimide and polyester foil substrates using standard Sn-Ag-Cu lead free alloys. The absorption of the xenon light pulse leads to rapid heating of components and tracks up to temperatures above the solder melting temperature, while the...

Equipment for atmospheric, spatial atomic layer deposition in roll-to-roll processes

A novel type of reactor has been designed for atmospheric atomic layer deposition (ALD) on flexible substrates. In the reactor, a flexible substrate slowly advances around a fast rotating drum. Gas bearing technology is used to prevent physical contact between the flexible substrate and the drum, and to separate reactants to enable a spatial ALD...