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Buist, H.E. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), van Burgsteden, J.A. (author), de Heer, C. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)The dermal route of exposure is important in worker exposure to biocidal products. Many biocidal active substances which are used on a daily basis may decrease the barrier function of the skin to a larger extent than current risk assessment practice addresses, due to possible skin effects of repeated exposure. The influence of repeated and...article 2005
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Verwei, M. (author), van den Berg, H. (author), Havenaar, R. (author), Groten, J.P. (author), TNO Defensie en Veiligheid TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Background: Milk products are a potential matrix for fortification with synthetic folic acid or natural 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-CH 3-H4folate) to enhance the daily folate intake. In milk, folate occurs bound to folatebinding proteins (FBP). Our previous studies with an in vitro gastrointestinal model showed that 70% of the initial FBP...article 2005
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Brouwer, D.H. (author), Aitken, R.J. (author), Oppl, R. (author), Cherrie, J.W. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)This article proposes a common language for better understanding processes involved in dermal exposure and skin protection. A conceptual model has been developed that systematically describes the transport of agent mass from sources, eventually resulting in "loading" of the skin surface or the skin contaminant layer. In view of a harmonized...article 2005
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Brasser, P. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)The heat load, imposed by air-permeable NBC (nuclear, biological, and chemical)-protective suits, can be reduced by improving the air permeability of the suit. However, increased air permeability will reduce the chemical protective performance, since increasing the air permeability of the NBC-protective material will result in higher air...article 2004
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Cherrie, J.W. (author), Semple, S. (author), Brouwer, D. (author), TNO Voeding (author)There are standardized laboratory tests for chemical protective gloves that provide estimates of breakthrough time and steady-state permeation flux. However, there is evidence to suggest that these tests may not be completely relevant to glove usage in the workplace. There is no consensus about how glove workplace effectiveness should be...article 2004
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Zijl, W. (author), Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO (author)Inverse models to determine the permeability are generally based on existing forward models for the pressure. The permeabilities are adapted in such a way that the calculated pressures match the specified pressures in a number of points. To assimilate a priori knowledge about the flux, we introduce the 'flux assimilation method', which is based...article 2004
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Rijken, D.C. (author), Barrett-Bergshoeff, M.M. (author), Jie, A.F.H. (author), Criscuoli, M. (author), Sakharov, D.V. (author), Gaubius Instituut TNO (author)Amediplase (K2tu-PA) is a hybrid plasminogen activator, consisting of the kringle 2 domain of alteplase and the protease domain of urokinase. The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro clot penetration of amediplase in relation to its fibrin binding and to compare the properties with those of alteplase. The clot lysis activity of...article 2004
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Havenith, G. (author), den Hartog, E.A. (author), Heus, R. (author)Moisture accumulation in sleeping bags during extended periods of use is detrimental to thermal comfort of the sleeper, and in extreme cases may lead to sleep loss and hypothermia. As sub-zero temperatures were expected to affect vapour resistance of microporous membranes, the effect of using semipermeable and impermeable rain covers for...article 2004
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GIT1 Mediates Thrombin Signaling in Endothelial Cells: Role in Turnover of RhoA-Type Focal Adhesionsvan Nieuw Amerongen, G.P. (author), Natarajan, K. (author), Yin, G. (author), Hoefen, R.J. (author), Osawa, M. (author), Haendeler, J. (author), Ridley, A.J. (author), Fujiwara, K. (author), van Hinsbergh, V.W.M. (author), Berk, B.C. (author), Gaubius Instituut TNO (author)Thrombin mediates changes in endothelial barrier function and increases endothelial permeability. A feature of thrombin-enhanced endothelial hyperpermeability is contraction of endothelial cells (ECs), accompanied by formation of focal adhesions (FAs). Recently, a G protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein, GIT1, was shown to regulate...article 2004
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Faassen, F. (author), Kelder, J. (author), Lenders, J. (author), Onderwater, R. (author), Vromans, H. (author)Purpose. The purpose of this work was to study the relevant physicochemical properties for the absorption of steroids. Methods. Various physicochemical properties of steroids were calculated (molecular weight, ClogP, static polar surface area [PSA], etc.). Within this series of steroids, different pharmacological groups were defined. Based on...article 2003
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Knippels, L.M.J. (author), Penninks, A.H. (author), TNO Voeding (author)The need for widely accepted and validated animal models to test the potential allergenicity and potency of novel (biotechnology-derived) proteins has become an important issue for their safety evaluation.In this article, we summarize the results of the development of an oral sensitization protocol for food proteins in the rat. Young Brown...article 2003
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Oomen, A.G. (author), Tolls, J. (author), Sips, A.J.A.M. (author), Groten, J.P. (author)Children might be exposed substantially to contaminants such as lead via soil ingestion. In risk assessment of soil contaminants there is a need for information on oral bioavailability of soilborne lead. Oral bioavailability can be seen as the result of four steps: (1) soil ingestion; (2) mobilization from soil during digestion, i.e.,...article 2003
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TNO Animal Nutrition (author), Collier, C.T. (author), van der Klis, J.D. (author), Deplancke, B. (author), Anderson, D.B. (author), Gaskins, H.R. (author)Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a worldwide poultry disease caused by the alpha toxin-producing bacterium Clostridium perfringens. Disease risk factors include concurrent coccidial infection and the dietary use of cereal grains high in nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), such as wheat, barley, rye, and oats. Outbreaks of NE can be prevented or treated...article 2003
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Kuenen, B.C. (author), Levi, M. (author), Meijers, J.C.M. (author), Kakkar, A.K. (author), van Hinsbergh, V.W.M. (author), Kostense, P.J. (author), Pinedo, H.M. (author), Hoekman, K. (author), Gaubius Instituut TNO (author)Objective - The angiogenesis inhibitor SU5416 is a potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-1 and -2. VEGF may be involved in hemostasis by altering the hemostatic properties of endothelial cells. We analyzed the effects of SU5416 on the coagulation cascade and the vessel wall in patients with advanced cancer....article 2002
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Cnubben, N.H.P. (author), Elliott, G.R. (author), Hakkert, B.C. (author), Meuling, W.J.A. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), TNO Voeding Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)The validity of in vitro and in vivo methods for the prediction of percutaneous penetration in humans was assessed using the fungicide ortho-phenylphenol (OPP) (log Po/w 3.28, MW 170.8, solubility in water 0.7 g/L). In vivo studies were performed in rats and human volunteers, applying the test compound to the dorsal skin and the volar aspect of...article 2002
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Versantvoort, C.H.M. (author), Ondrewater, R.C.A. (author), Duizer, E. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), Gilde, A.J. (author), Groten, J.P. (author), TNO Voeding (author)Purpose: previous studies have shown that the rat small intestinal cell line IEC-18 provides a size-selective barrier for paracellularly transported hydrophilic macromolecules. In order to determine the utility of IEC-18 cells as an in vitro model to screen the passive paracellular and transcellular components of the intestinal transport of...article 2002
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TNO Human Factors (author), Havenith, G. (author)Because subzero temperatures are expected to affect the vapor resistance of micro porous membranes, the effect of using semipermeable and impermeable rain covers for sleeping bags on moisture accumulation in the bags during 6 days of use at -7°C is investigated. Moisture accumulation is related to the vapor resistance of the materials. The best...article 2002
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Meuleman, E.E.B. (author), Willemsen, J.H.A. (author), Mulder, M.H.V. (author), Strathmann, H. (author)Various types of ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers (EPDM) and crosslinking procedures have been investigated with pervaporation, vapor sorption, liquid sorption and gas permeation experiments. The EPDM parameters that have been changed are ethylene content, molecular weight, choice of third monomer, type of branching and various crosslinking...article 2001
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Semple, S. (author), Brouwers, D.H. (author), Dick, F. (author), Cherrie, J.W. (author), TNO Voeding (author)The contribution of dermal exposure to the total body burden of a given chemical is difficult to assess. However, it is possible that as regulatory pressures lead to reductions in inhalation exposure, the proportion of uptake via the dermal route will increase. This study brings together recent work in the field of dermal exposure to provide a...article 2001
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Hoebe, K.H.N. (author), Witkamp, R.F. (author), Fink-Gremmels, J. (author), van Miert, A.S.J.P.A.M. (author), Monshouwer, M. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)This study focuses on the importance of direct contact between Kupffer cells (KCs) and hepatocytes (HCs) during the hepatic inflammatory response using an in vitro approach. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in monocultures of porcine HCs and KCs were compared with cocultures prepared either with direct contact between...article 2001