Fast temperature programming in gas chromatography using resistive heating

The features of a resistive-heated capillary column for fast temperature-programmed gas chromatography (GC) have been evaluated. Experiments were carried out using a commercial available EZ Flash GC, an assembly which can be used to upgrade existing gas chromatographs. The capillary column is placed inside a metal tube which can be heated, and...

Data correlation in on-line solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-atomic emission/mass spectrometric detection of unknown microcontaminants

A procedure is described for the (non-target) screening of hetero-atom-containing compounds in tap and waste water by correlating data obtained by gas chromatography (GC) using atomic emission (AED) and mass selective (MS) detection. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was coupled on-line to both GC systems to enable the determination of...

Effects of low doses of cholinesterase inhibitors on behavioral performance of robot-tested marmosets

To investigate at which dose levels undesirable effects started, behavioural performance and several physiological parameters were measured in marmosets (Callithrix Jacchus) after soman (1.75 and 3.5 μg/kg), sarin (3 and 6 μg/kg), physostigmine (10 and 20 μg/kg), and pyridostigmine (200 and 400 μg/kg). Effects on performance were investigated...

Comparison of the therapeutic effects and pharmacokinetics of HI-6, HLo-7, HGG-12, HGG-42 and obidoxime following non-reactivatable acetylcholinesterase inhibition in rats

The oximes HI-6, HLo-7, HGG-12, HGG-42 and obidoxime were used in a previously developed rat model to evaluate the therapeutic effects of oximes other than acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivation (so-called 'nonreactivating effects'). To test this anaesthetized, atropinized and artificially ventilated rats (n = 8 or 16) were poisoned with a...

On the development of behavioral tolerance to organophosphates IV: EEG and visual evoked responses

Several earlier studies showed that, in contrast with DFP, repeated injections with soman did not lead to behavioral tolerance in rats. The reason for the difference between the effects of these two organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors was not clear and a neurophysiological approach was undertaken. Four experiments (A, B, C and D) were...

Therapy of organophosphate poisoning in the rat by direct effects of oximes unrelated to ChE reactivation

Isolated rat diaphragm preparations treated with soman or with the irreversible and oxime resistant cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor S27 (see Compounds) showed a considerable recovery of neuromuscular transmission (NMT) during incubation with the (bis)pyridinium oximes HI-6, HGG-12, P2S and obidoxime. In the soman-treated preparations this NMT...

Antidotes to organophosphate poisoning. 2. Thiadiazole-5-carboxaldoximes

Three new nonquaternary oximes have been evaluated with respect to their antidotal activities against organophosphate poisoning. The oximes 1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxaldoxime (1, pKa = 7.6), 2-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-carboxaldoxime (2, pKa = 8.4), and 3-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole-5-carboxaldoxime (3, pKa = 7.0) were prepared in yields of 56, 24...

A comparison of the oximes HS-6 and HI-6 in the therapy of soman intoxication in rodents

The bisquaternary mono-oximes HS-6 and HI-6 may both be considered as potential therapeutic agents for soman intoxication. It has been found that HI-6 was superior to an equal dose of HS-6 in the treatment of soman intoxication in mice and rats. Not only did HI-6 protect against higher levels of soman, but also fewer 'delayed deaths' were seen...