13 years of safe CO2 injection at K12-B

Since 2004 the feasibility of CO2 injection and storage in depleted natural gas fields has been researched and demonstrated at K12-B, a gas field on the Dutch continental shelf. In total over 100 Kton of CO2 was injected. The entire operation at the K12-B field was completed without any major complications. It can therefore be stated that safe...

Wave propagation modelling of induced earthquakes at the Groningen gas production site

Gas extraction from the Groningen natural gas field, situated in the Netherlands, frequently induces earthquakes in the reservoir that cause damage to buildings, and pose a safety hazard and a nuisance to the local population. Due to the dependence of the national heating infrastructure on Groningen gas, the short-term mitigation measures are...

An overview of the petroleum systems of the northern deep-water Gulf of Mexico

The northern deep-waterGulf ofMexico is one of themost active deep-water petroleum provinces in the world. This paper introduces the regional geologic setting for the northern deep-water Gulf of Mexico and briefly discusses the importance of technology in developing the area's resources. Exploration has focused on four major geologic provinces:...

Safety requirements for buildings under induced earthquakes due to gas extraction

In the Dutch province of Groningen over the last year shallow earthquakes are induced due to large scale gas extraction from the gas field at 3 km depth. The induced earthquakes differ from the better known tectonic earthquakes all over the world, caused by movement of the earth at large depths. The structures affected by the earthquakes however...

Detailed seismic modeling of induced seismicity at the Groningen gas field

We present the results of a detailed seismic modeling study of induced seismicity observed at the Groningen gas field, situated in the North-eastern part of the Netherlands. Seismic simulations are valuable to support the interpretation of observed earthquake waveforms recordings and to increase the understanding of the underlying source...

Qualification of new design of flexible pipe against singing: Testing at multiple scales

Flexible pipes for production of oil and gas typically present a corrugated inner surface. This has been identified as the cause of "singing risers": Flow-Induced Pulsations due to the interaction of sound waves with the shear layers at the small cavities present at each of the multiple corrugations. The new flexible technology discussed in this...

Translating laboratory compaction test results to field scale

In recent studies on the surface subsidence caused by hydrocarbon recovery of the Groningen gas field, the predicted subsidence is overestimated if results of compaction experiments are not corrected by an empirical `upscaling factor'. In order to find an explanation for this `upscaling factor', an analysis is presented of different laboratory...

Geochemical evaluation of CO2 injection and containment in a depleted gas field

The short- and long-term geochemical impact of CO2 injection into a depleted gas reservoir (DGR) is investigated using reservoir/geochemical modeling with TOUGH2/TOUGHREACT and 1D kinetic diffusion modeling with PHREEQC (caprock/well-cement). Simulations of CO2 injection into the reservoir predict displacement and buoyancy of post-production CH4...

Sitechar-methodology for a fit-for-purpose assessment of CO2 storage sites in Europe = SiteChar-Une méthodologie pour une caractérisation appropriée des sites de stockage de CO2

The FP7-funded SiteChar project examined the entire CO<inf>2</inf> geological storage site characterisation process, from the initial feasibility studies through to the final stage of application for a CO<inf>2</inf> storage permit based on criteria defined by the relevant European legislation. The SiteChar workflow for CO<inf>2</inf> geological...

Th gme 05: Modeling of fault reactivation and fault slip in producing gas fields

Current methods which are used for seismic hazard analyses of production induced seismicity in The Netherlands are generally based on either empirical relations which link compaction strain and seismic release or simple relations between available fault area and seismic moment release. Physics based understanding of the impact of streb evolution...

Techno-economic assessment of four CO2 storage sites = Évaluation technico-économique de quatre sites de stockage de CO2

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) should be a key technology in order to achieve a decline in the CO2 emissions intensity of the power sector and other intensive industry, but this potential deployment could be restricted by cost issues as the International Energy Agency (IEA) in their last projections (World Energy Outlook 2013) has considered...

Maturity of carboniferous source rocks in Central Onshore Netherlands. the impact of the Permian thermal anomaly

Pre-Westphalian layers are considered as potential source rocks in the Netherlands. However, there is little amount of information available on their maturity. 3D basin modelling is carried out on Central Onshore Netherlands to investigate the maturity of the deep Carboniferous source rocks. A detailed 3D geological model is used as input which...

Effect of reactive surface area of minerals on mineralization and carbon dioxide trapping in a depleted gas reservoir

In this study, a long-term (up to 1000 years) geochemical modelling of subsurface CO2 storage was carried out on sandstone reservoirs of depleted gas fields in northeast Netherlands. It was found that mineral dissolution/precipitation has only a minor effect on reservoir porosity. In order to validate this, we focused specifically on the...

Monitoring the CO2 injection site: K12-B

The K12-B gas field is located in the Dutch sector of the North Sea. The top of the reservoir lies approximately 3800 meters below sea level, and the ambient temperature of the reservoir is over 127 °C. The K12-B gas field has been producing natural gas from 1987 onwards and is currently operated by GDF SUEZ E&P Nederland B.V. The natural gas...

Unraveling reservoir compaction parameters through the inversion of surface subsidence observations

In an attempt to derive more information on the parameters driving compaction, this paper explores the feasibility of a method utilizing data on compaction-induced subsidence. We commence by using a Bayesian inversion scheme to infer the reservoir compaction from subsidence observations. The method's strength is that it incorporates all the...