Beyond Animal Testing Index: Benchmarking tool for a world beyond animal testing

While the original definition of replacement focuses on the replacement of the use of animals in science, a more contemporary definition focuses on accelerating the development and use of predictive and robust models, based on the latest science and technologies, to address scientific questions without the use of animals. The transition to...

Towards best use and regulatory acceptance of generic physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models for in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) in chemical risk assessment

With an increasing need to incorporate new approach methodologies (NAMs) in chemical risk assessment and the concomitant need to phase out animal testing, the interpretation of in vitro assay readouts for quantitative hazard characterisation becomes more important. Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models, which simulate the fate of chemicals...

NAM-supported read-across: From case studies to regulatory guidance in safety assessment

The use of new approach methodologies (NAMs) in support of read-across (RAx) approaches for regulatory purposes is a main goal of the EU-ToxRisk project. To bring this forward, EU-ToxRisk partners convened a workshop in close collaboration with regulatory representatives from key organizations including European regulatory agencies, such as the...

A comprehensive view on mechanistic approaches for cancer risk assessment of non-genotoxic agrochemicals

Currently the only methods for non-genotoxic carcinogenic hazard assessment accepted by most regulatory authorities are lifetime carcinogenicity studies. However, these involve the use of large numbers of animals and the relevance of their predictive power and results has been scientifically challenged. With increased availability of innovative...

The Ångström coefficient as an indicator of non-marine particles in ANAM (Advanced Navy Aerosol Model)

The Advanced Navy Aerosol model (ANAM), being a modified version of the Navy Aerosol Model (NAM), is a wellknown engineering tool providing a quick and reasonable estimate of the aerosol extinction in the marine near-surface environment on the basis of simple meteorological input data. The original NAM consists of 3 lognormal distributions,...

Near-surface aerosol transmission in the marine environment

An extensive data set of aerosol vertical concentration profiles (height range 0.5-15 meters, diameter range 10-75 micron), acquired with the Rotorod3 device at various geographical locations has been statistically analyzed. The analysis supplied a parameterization for the 4th (large particle) lognormal mode in the Advanced Navy Aerosol Model ...

Extension of the Navy aerosol model to coastal areas

The performance assessment of electro-optical (EO) systems with propagation prediction codes requires accurate atmospheric models. The model that is most frequently used for the prediction of aerosols and their effect on extinction in the marine atmosphere is the U.S. Navy aerosol model (NAM) (Gathman, 1983). The NAM was developed for open ocean...

Modeling aerosols and extinction in the marine atmospheric boundary layer

An analysis is presented of aerosol particle size distributions measured over the North Atlantic and extinction coefficients derived from these data. Two empirical models, an aerosol model and an extinction model, are formulated in terms of simple meteorological parameters (wind speed, relative humidity, air temperature and sea temperature). The...

NOVAM evaluation from aerosol and lidar measurements in a tropical marine environment

NOVAM, the Naval Oceanic Vertical Aerosol Model, has been developed to predict the nonuniform and nonlogarithmic extinction profiles that are often observed in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. The kernel of NOVAM is the Navy Aerosol Model (NAM) that calculates the aerosol size distribution at 10 m ASL from meteorological parameters. The...