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Buist, H.E. (author), Devito, S. (author), Goldbohm, R.A. (author), Stierum, R.H. (author), Venhorst, J. (author), Kroese, E.D. (author)Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies are considered vital and economic elements for achieving global CO2 reduction targets, and is currently introduced worldwide (for more information on CCS, consult for example the websites of the International Energy Agency (http://www.iea.org/topics/ccs/) and the Global CCS Institute (http://www...article 2015
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Freidig, A.P. (author), Dekkers, S. (author), Verwei, M. (author), Zvinavashe, E. (author), Bessems, J.G.M. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Future EU legislations enforce a fast hazard and risk assessment of thousands of existing chemicals. If conducted by means of present data requirements, this assessment will use a huge number of test animals and will be neither cost nor time effective. The purpose of the current research was to develop methods to increase the acceptability of in...article 2007
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- Gennari, A. (author), van den Berghe, C. (author), Casati, S. (author), Castell, J. (author), Clemedson, C. (author), Coecke, S. (author), Colombo, A. (author), Curren, R. (author), Dal Negro, G. (author), Goldberg, A. (author), Gosmore, C. (author), Hartung, T. (author), Langezaal, I. (author), Lessigiarska, I. (author), Maas, W. (author), Mangelsdorf, I. (author), Parchment, R. (author), Prieto, P. (author), Sintes, J.R. (author), Ryan, M. (author), Schmuck, G. (author), Stitzel, K. (author), Stokes, W. (author), Vericat, J.A. (author), Gribaldo, L. (author), TNO Voeding (author) article 2004
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van Helden, H.P.M. (author), Kuijpers, W.C. (author), Diemel, R.V. (author)The purpose of the present study was to investigate: (1) the acute effects of sulfur mustard on airway, lung, and surface tension of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALfluid) in guinea pigs following intratracheal (i.t.) exposure to 1LD50 of an aerosolized solution of sulfur mustard in saline, and (2) the therapeutic efficacy of i.t....article 2004
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van der Schans, M.J. (author), Lander, B.J. (author), van der Wiel, H. (author), Langenberg, J.P. (author), Benschop, H.P. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)In continuation of our investigations on the toxicokinetics of the volatile nerve agents C(±)P(±)-soman and (±)-sarin, we now report on the toxicokinetics of the rather nonvolatile agent (±)-VX. A validated method was developed to determine blood levels of (±)-VX by means of achiral gas chromatography at blood levels ≥10 pg/ml. The ratio of the...article 2003
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Wolken, W.A.M. (author), Tramper, J. (author), van der Werf, M.J. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)Spores, although often considered metabolically inert, catalyze a variety of reactions. The use of spores instead of mycelium for bioconversions has several advantages. In this paper, we describe the difference in susceptibility of mycelium and spores against toxic substrates and products. A higher resistance of spores toward the toxic effects...article 2002
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Notermans, S. (author), Hoornstra, E. (author), TNO Voeding (author)Risk assessment is increasingly used as a scientific process to assess the potential for adverse health effects to occur and as a basis for management of unacceptable risks. For each risk assessment activity, the purpose of the assessment should be clearly stated. For Listeria monocytogenes, the purpose of risk assessment may be providing...article 2000
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Clary, J.J. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), van Velthuijsen, J.A. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)Lactate eaters have an oral LD50 greater than 2000 mg/kg and the inhalation LC50 is generally above 5000 mg/m3 and they may be potential eye and skin irritants, but not skin sensitizers. No evidence of teratogenicity or maternal toxicity was observed in an inhalation (2-ethylhexyl-L-lactate) or dermal study (ethyl-L-lactate). Subacute inhalation...article 1998
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Notermans, S. (author), Dufrenne, J. (author), Teunis, P. (author), Chackraborty, T. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)Humans are frequently exposed to Listeria monocytogenes, and high numbers may be ingested during consumption of certain types of food. However, epidemiological investigations show that listeriosis is a rare disease. Risk assessment studies using an animal mouse model indicate that almost all L. monocytogenes serovars present in food have clear...article 1998
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Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author), Langenberg, J.P. (author), Spruit, W.E.T. (author), van der Wiel, H.J. (author), Trap, H.C. (author), Helmich, R.B. (author), Bergers, W.W.A. (author), van Helden, H.P.M. (author), Benschop, H.P. (author)The toxicokinetics of the four stereoisomers of the nerve agent C(±)P(±)-soman were studied in anesthetized, atropinized guinea pigs for nose-only exposure to soman vapor. During exposure the respiratory minute volume (RMV) and respiratory frequency (RF) were monitored. Blood samples were taken for chiral gas chromatographic analysis of the...article 1998
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Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO TNO Voeding (author), Woutersen, R.A. (author)Acrylonitrile is a monomer used extensively as a raw material in the manufacturing of acrylic fibers, plastics, synthetic rubbers, and acrylamide. It has been classified as a probable human carcinogen according to the results of numerous chronic rat bioassays. The present report summarizes the toxicity data on acrylonitrile and reviews available...article 1998
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Coenen, T.M.M. (author), Schoenmakers, A.C.M. (author), Verhagen, H. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)Barlican, a β-glucanase enzyme obtained from Trichoderma reesei, was produced by a fermentation process and subjected to a series of toxicological tests to document its safety for use as a feed additive. The enzyme product was examined for general oral toxicity, inhalation toxicity, irritation to eye and skin, skin sensitization and mutagenic...article 1995
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TNO Pharma (author), Melchers, B.P.C. (author), Philippens, I.H.C.H.M. (author), Wolthuis, O.L. (author)The therapeutic efficacy of the oximes HI-6 and HLo-7 (132.5 μmol/kg), in combination with atropine, in soman- or tabun-intoxicated guinea pigs was compared, particularly with respect to recovery of shuttlebox performance and electroencephalograms (EEGs). After 1.5 x LD50 soman SC, therapy with HI-6 or HLo-7 resulted in survival of 87.5% of the...article 1994
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Zwart, A. (author), Arts, J.H.E. (author), ten Berge, W.F. (author), Appelman, L.M. (author)A new design for acute inhalation toxicity testing was evaluated and compared with results obtained according to OECD guideline 403. The new design consists of a range-finding test, which is compatible with a conventional limit test, and can be followed by determination of a concentration-time-mortality relationship, enabling calculation of LC50...article 1992
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Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO Medisch Biologisch Laboratorium TNO (author), Benschop, H.P. (author), Bijleveld, E.C. (author), de Jong, L.P.A. (author), van der Wiel, H.J. (author), van Helden, H.P.M. (author)The toxicokinetics of the four stereoisomers of C(??)P(??)-soman were investigated in anesthetized, atropinized, and artificially ventilated rats at iv doses of 6 (495 ??g/kg) and 3 LD50. By integration of a thermodesorption/cold trap injector into our GLC analysis, the soman stereoisomers could be followed in rat blood down to a minimum...article 1987
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Radiobiologisch Instituut TNO (author), Varekamp, A.E. (author), de Vries, A.J. (author), Hagenbeek, A. (author)Interstitial pneumonitis (IP) is one of the major complications after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (incidence: 30 to 50%, fatality rate: 50 to 60%). Cytomegalovirus is associated with 60% of the cases. When no infectious agent can be detected, it is classified as idiopathic IP (IIP). Factors related to IIP are: remission induction...article 1986
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Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO Medisch Biologisch Laboratorium TNO (author), Benschop, H.P. (author), Konings, C.A.G. (author), van Genderen, J. (author), de Jong, L.P.A. (author)The four stereoisomers of the nerve agent pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate (soman), designated as C(+)P(+), C(+)P(-), C(-)P(+), and C(-)P(-), have different toxicologic properties due to stereospecific interactions in living organisms. We report the isolation of these stereoisomers with more than 99% optical purity. This result was realized...article 1984
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Appelman, L.M. (author), ten Berge, W.F. (author), Reuzel, P.G.J. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)The acute inhalation toxicity of ammonia was examined in rats using various exposure concentrations and exposure periods. Groups of male and female rats were exposed to dynamic atmospheres containing different concentrations of ammonia for 10, 20, 40 or 60 min. The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between exposure concentration...article 1982
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Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author), Appelman, L.M. (author), Woutersen, R.A. (author), Feron, V.J. (author)The 4-h LC50 of acetaldehyde in rats was determined and found to be 13,300 ppm (24.0 g/m3 air). In a 4-week study groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were exposed to 0, 400, 1000, 2200 or 5000 ppm acetaldehyde for 6 h/day, 5 days/week. Treatment-related changes observed at the 5000 ppm level included dyspnoea and excitation during the first 30...article 1982
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Benschop, H.P. (author), van den Berg, G.R. (author), van Hooidonk, C. (author), de Jong, L.P.A. (author), Kientz, C.E. (author), Berends, F. (author), Kepner, L.A. (author), Meeter, E. (author), Visser, R.P.L.S. (author), Medisch Biologisch Laboratorium TNO (author)Three new nonquaternary oximes have been evaluated with respect to their antidotal activities against organophosphate poisoning. The oximes 1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxaldoxime (1, pKa = 7.6), 2-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-carboxaldoxime (2, pKa = 8.4), and 3-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole-5-carboxaldoxime (3, pKa = 7.0) were prepared in yields of 56, 24...article 1979
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