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Arts, J.H.E. (author), de Koning, M.W. (author), Bloksma, N. (author), Kuper, C.F. (author), TNO Voeding (author)Several acid anhydrides are known for their sensitizing and irritative properties. Since both irritation and respiratory allergy can cause changes of lung function, proper testing of allergen-dependent effects on the respiratory tract requires knowledge of the respiratory irritant effects. To study the latter effects, groups of female Brown...article 2001
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TNO Preventie en Gezondheid (author), Janssen, H.A.M. (author), Borghouts, J.A.J. (author), Muris, J.W.M. (author), Metsemakers, J.F.M. (author), Koes, B.W. (author), Knottnerus, J.A. (author)Background. While chronic non-specific abdominal complaints are common in general practice, data on patients' perspective and management of these complaints are lacking. Knowledge of these data is important for the development of guidelines for management and assessment of the burden of chronic non-specific abdominal complaints on society. Aim....article 2000
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Jacobs, J.J.L. (author), Lehé, C. (author), Cammans, K.D.A. (author), Das, P.K. (author), Elliott, G.R. (author)We describe a new alternative method for screening for skin irritants by using fresh intact porcine skin biopsies. Test chemicals were applied to the epidermis of the biopsies, which were then incubated for different times in tissue culture medium at 37°C and with 5% carbon dioxide. A decrease in epidermal keratinocyte RNA staining, visualised...article 2000
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- Balls, M. (author), Berg, N. (author), Bruner, L.H. (author), Curren, R.D. (author), de Silva, O. (author), Earl, L.K. (author), Esdaile, D.J. (author), Fentem, J.H. (author), Liebsch, M. (author), Ohno, Y. (author), Prinsen, M.K. (author), Spielmann, H. (author), Worth, A.P. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author) article 1999
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- van de Sandt, J. (author), Roguet, R. (author), Cohen, C. (author), Esdaile, D. (author), Ponec, M. (author), Corsini, E. (author), Barker, C. (author), Fusenig, N. (author), Liebsch, M. (author), Benford, D. (author), de Franissinette, A. (author), Fartasch, M. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author) article 1999
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Clary, J.J. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), van Velthuijsen, J.A. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)Lactate eaters have an oral LD50 greater than 2000 mg/kg and the inhalation LC50 is generally above 5000 mg/m3 and they may be potential eye and skin irritants, but not skin sensitizers. No evidence of teratogenicity or maternal toxicity was observed in an inhalation (2-ethylhexyl-L-lactate) or dermal study (ethyl-L-lactate). Subacute inhalation...article 1998
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Botham, P.A. (author), Earl, L.K. (author), Fentem, J.H. (author), Roguet, R. (author), Sandt, J.J.M. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)The ECVAM Skin Irritation Task Force was established in November 1996, primarily to prepare a report on the current status of the development and validation of alternative tests for skin irritation and corrosion and, in particular, to identify any appropriate non-animal tests for predicting human skin irritation which were sufficiently well...article 1998
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Bierman, E.P.B. (author), Brouwer, D.H. (author), van Hemmen, J.J. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)Knowledge of the level of exposure is important for health risk estimation and risk management. Recently, the occurrence of dermal exposure in many situations has been recognized and estimated to be relevant for worker health. Dermal exposure measurement techniques are therefore needed and several approaches have been taken to assess this type...article 1998
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Chamberlain, M. (author), Gad, S.C. (author), Gautheron, P. (author), Prinsen, M.K. (author), Instituut CIVO-Toxicologie en Voeding TNO (author)The brief of the Organotypic Models Working Group was to review data submitted to the Interagency Regulatory Alternatives Group on the use of isolated eyes and components of the eye used to predict eye irritation potential. Data submissions were received on four test systems: the isolated rabbit eye (one submission), the isolated chicken eye ...article 1997
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Arts, J.H.E. (author), Dröge, S.C.M. (author), Bloksma, N. (author), Kuper, C.F. (author), Instituut CIVO-Toxicologie en Voeding TNO (author)Five rat strains were compared for their performance in the local lymph node assay (LLNA) a promising test system for the identification of the skin-sensitizing potential of chemicals in the mouse. The contact sensitizer 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and the contact and respiratory sensitizer trimellitic anhydride (TMA) were used as model...article 1996
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Prinsen, M.K. (author), Instituut CIVO-Toxicologie en Voeding TNO (author)The enucleated eye test with chicken eyes (CEET) obtained from an abattoir proved to be a valuable and practical alternative for the 'traditional' enucleated eye test with eyes of laboratory rabbits. Since 1992, the CEET has been incorporated in standard contract toxicity testing at the Toxicology Division of the TNO Nutrition and Food Research...article 1996
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Cassee, F.R. (author), Arts, J.H.E. (author), Groten, J.P. (author), Feron, V.J. (author)Sensory irritation of formaldehyde (FRM), acrolein (ACR) and acetaldehyde (ACE) as measured by the decrease in breathing frequency (DBF) was studied in male Wistar rats using nose-only exposure. Groups of four rats were exposed to each of the single compounds separately or to mixtures of FRM, ACR and/or ACE. Exposure concentrations of the...article 1996
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Coenen, T.M.M. (author), Schoenmakers, A.C.M. (author), Verhagen, H. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)Barlican, a β-glucanase enzyme obtained from Trichoderma reesei, was produced by a fermentation process and subjected to a series of toxicological tests to document its safety for use as a feed additive. The enzyme product was examined for general oral toxicity, inhalation toxicity, irritation to eye and skin, skin sensitization and mutagenic...article 1995
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van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), Maas, W.J.M. (author), Doornink, P.C. (author), Rutten, A.A.J.J.L. (author), Instituut CIVO-Toxicologie en Voeding TNO (author)In vitro techniques make a major contribution to the development of alternatives to the in vivo 'Draize' skin irritation test, and the development of sensitive and generally applicable in vitro endpoints of cutaneous toxicity is an area of intensive research. To investigate in vitro characteristics of cutaneous irritation, skin explants of...article 1995
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Feron, V.J. (author), Groten, J.P. (author), van Zorge, J.A. (author), Cassee, F.R. (author), Jonker, D. (author), van Bladeren, P.J. (author), Instituut CIVO-Toxicologie en Voeding TNO (author)Mixtures of chemicals with different target organs or the same target organ but different target sites or different modes of action did not appear to be distinctly more hazardous than the individual chemicals, provided the dose level of each chemical in the mixture did not exceed its own 'No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level'. Clearly, for such...article 1995
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TNO Preventie en Gezondheid (author), Hoefakker, S. (author), Caubo, M. (author), van 't Erve, E.H.M. (author), Roggeveen, M.J. (author), Boersma, W.J.A. (author), van Joost, T. (author), Notten, W.R.F. (author), Claassen, E. (author)Local cytokine profiles in skin biopsies from allergic and irritant patch test reactions were determined by in vivo immunohistochemistry to differentiate between these 2 clinically identical afflictions especially at the time of final reading in diagnostic patch testing. Biopsies were taken from established allergic persons after specific...article 1995
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Instituut CIVO-Toxicologie en Voeding TNO (author), Gautheron, P. (author), Giroux, J. (author), Cottin, M. (author), Audegond, L. (author), Morilla, A. (author), Mayordomo-Blanco, L. (author), Tortajada, A. (author), Haynes, G. (author), Vericat, J.A. (author), Pirovano, R. (author), Gillio Tos, E. (author), Hagemann, C. (author), Vanparys, P. (author), Deknudt, G. (author), Jacobs, G. (author), Prinsen, M. (author), Kalweit, S. (author), Spielmann, H. (author)A multinational interlaboratory study to investigate the bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay is presented. The aim of this work was to determine the capability and possible limitations of this method to predict ocular irritancy of a large set of chemicals. The assays were carried out in 12 European laboratories with different...article 1994
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Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author), ten Berge, W.F. (author), Zwart, A. (author), Appelman, L.M. (author)This report presents the re-evaluation of the raw data of previously published acute inhalation toxicity studies of some volatile industrial chemicals. In these studies both concentration and exposure time were varied. The raw data were obtained from an extensive literature search and were subjected to probit analysis. The results show that the...article 1986
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Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author), Appelman, L.M. (author), Woutersen, R.A. (author), Feron, V.J. (author)The 4-h LC50 of acetaldehyde in rats was determined and found to be 13,300 ppm (24.0 g/m3 air). In a 4-week study groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were exposed to 0, 400, 1000, 2200 or 5000 ppm acetaldehyde for 6 h/day, 5 days/week. Treatment-related changes observed at the 5000 ppm level included dyspnoea and excitation during the first 30...article 1982
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Feron, V.J. (author), Kruysse, A. (author), Immel, H.R. (author), Til, H.P. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)The subacute inhalation toxicity of butenolide was examined in hamsters by repeated exposure of 4 groups of 10 males and 10 females to butenolide vapour at concentrations of 0, 5.4, 25 and 130 ppm respectively (6 h/day, 5 days/week) for a period of 13 weeks. The effects found at 130 ppm included eye irritation, salivation, nasal discharge,...article 1979