In-situ remediation of contaminated sediments: conceivable and feasible?!

In-situ remediation has assumed large proportions in dealing with terrestrial soil pollution. Although implementation of in-situ remediation for contaminated sediments is restricted by the fact that dredging is necessary for nautical or water management reasons, it should not be discarded beforehand. In this paper a number of potentially...

The effects of wind and human movement on the heat and vapour transfer properties of clothing

This paper integrates the research presented in the papers in this special issue of Holmer et al. and Havenith et al. [Holmer, I., Nilsson, H., Havenith, G., Parsons, K. C. (1999) Clothing convective heat exchange: proposal for improved prediction in standards and models. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, in press; Havenith, G., Holmer, I., den...

Performance predictions for electromagnetic launching with multi-fibre solid brush armatures and resistively layered rail accelerators

In the literature on EML research, a number of proposals have been made to suppress the negative influence of the velocity skin effect on the performance of solid armatures during electromagnetic launch. In this paper, the results of a study of two of these methods, i.e. the application of multi-fibre solid brush armatures and the use of...

Vapour transfer in two-layer clothing due to diffusion and ventilation

An experiment was carried out to measure the vapour resistance of two-layer clothing ensembles as a function of air permeability of the outer layer, open or closed apertures, wind, and walking, both for the total ensemble and for the outer garment alone. Six subjects walked on a treadmill (0.0, 2.5, and 5 km.h-1) which was placed in a wind...

Calculation of clothing insulation and vapour resistance

Based on a physical model, in which a human is depicted as a collection of appropriately sized cylinders, clothing insulation and vapour resistance are calculated for standing persons in still air, when the clothing ensemble thickness, total fabric thickness, number of clothing layers and number of trapped air layers are specified for each...

Resultant clothing insulation: A function of body movement, posture, wind, clothing fit and ensemble thickness

The individual and combined effects of sitting, walking at two speeds and three wind speeds on the insulation value of three clothing ensembles were determined on four subjects (two with loose clothing fit and two with tight clothing fit). Subjects were wrapped in synthetic foil before dressing in order to avoid sweat evaporation and so increase...

Ventilation behaviour and indoor air problems in different types of newly built dwellings

In four types of newly built single family dwellings and in apartments of a block of flats in the Netherlands, the behaviour and motivations of the occupants are studied with respect to their response to heating and ventilation, as well as their judgment on indoor air and climate variables such as tobacco smoke, cooking smells, vapour, mould,...

The actual insulation of multilayer clothing

The effect of geometric factors on insulation was calculated mathematically for standing humans. It was found that internal radiative heat transfer in an ensemble was significant for insulation, that intrinsic clothing insulation is a useful concept only for indoor climates, and that shape plays a minor role. The literature agrees closely on...

Calculation of airborne and impact sound insulation between dwellings

Some years ago a model was described for the calculation of the weighted airborne sound insulation between dwellings. Further work has been done since in order to increase the applicability of this model, including the extension to octave band calculations. Besides airborne sound, impact sound is also of importance. Therefore the calculation...

A new system for rating impact sound insulation

The rating of impact sound insulation on the basis of tapping machine measurements with the ISO reference values has proved to be unsatisfactory in practice. This is mainly due to the differences in spectrum shape of tapping machine noise and real life impact noises, such as walking. The problem can be solved by changing the reference values in...