document

Optimal Aftertreatment Pre-Heat Strategy for Minimum Tailpipe NO x Around Green Zones

Holmer, O. (author), Willems, F. (author), Blomgren, F. (author), Eriksson, L. (author)

Green zones are challenging problems for the thermal management systems of hybrid vehicles. This is because within the green zone the engine is turned off, and the only way to keep the aftertreatment system warm is lost. This means that there is a risk of leaving the green zone with a cold and ineffective aftertreatment system, resulting in high...

conference paper 2020

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An Optimization and Analysis Framework for TCO Minimization of Plug-in Hybrid Heavy-duty Electric Vehicles

Kolodziejak, D.P.H. (author), Pham, T.H. (author), Hofman, T. (author), Wilkins, S. (author)

This paper develops an optimization framework to minimize the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). In this paper, TCO is the summation of operational and main vehicle powertrain components cost. The developed optimization framework is formulated via combining convex optimization and Dynamic Programming...

conference paper 2019

document

Predictive Energy Management Strategy Including Traffic Flow Data for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Bouwman, K.R. (author), Pham, T.H. (author), Wilkins, S. (author), Hofman, T. (author)

Within hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) predictive energy management strategies (EMSs) have the potential to reduce the fuel consumption compared to conventional EMSs, where the drive cycle is unknown. Typically, predictive EMSs require a future vehicle speed profile prediction. However, when prediction is inaccurate, the systems fuel reduction...

article 2017

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Review of Optimization Strategies for System-Level Design in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Silvas, E. (author), Hofman, T. (author), Murgovski, N. (author), Etman, L.F.P. (author), Steinbuch, M. (author)

The optimal design of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) can be formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem that spreads over multiple levels (technology, topology, size, and control). In the last decade, studies have shown that by integrating these optimization levels, fuel benefits are obtained, which go beyond the results achieved with...

article 2017

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Synthesis of Realistic Driving Cycles With High Accuracy and Computational Speed, Including Slope Information

Silvas, E. (author), Hereijgers, K. (author), Peng, H. (author), Hofman, T. (author), Steinbusch, M. (author)

This paper describes a new method to synthesize driving cycles, where not only the velocity is considered but the road slope information of the real-world measured driving cycle as well. Driven by strict emission regulations and tight fuel targets, hybrid or electric vehicle manufacturers aim to develop new and more energy- and cost-efficient...

conference paper 2016

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Model-based eco-driving and integrated powertrain control for (hybrid) electric vehicles

Ivens, T. (author), Spronkmans, S. (author), Rosca, B. (author), Wilkins, S. (author)

The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) is engaged in research, development and testing of a range of technologies relating to hybrid and electric vehicle energy management and performance. The impact of driver behaviour on vehicle energy consumption is a significant factor, and one which can often be reduced with eco...

conference paper 2013

document

Velocity trajectory optimization in Hybrid Electric trucks

van Keulen, T. (author), de Jager, B. (author), Foster, D.L. (author), Steinbuch, M. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) enable fuel savings by re-using kinetic and potential energy that was recovered and stored in a battery during braking or driving down hill. Besides, the vehicle itself can be seen as a storage device, where kinetic energy can be stored and retrieved by changing the forward velocity. It is beneficial for fuel...

conference paper 2010

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Energy management in hybrid electric vehicles: Benefit of prediction

van Keulen, T. (author), de Jager, B. (author), Kessels, J.T.B.A. (author), Steinbuch, M. (author)

Hybrid vehicles require a supervisory algorithm, often referred to as energy management strategy, which governs the drivetrain components. In general the energy management strategy objective is to minimize the fuel consumption subject to constraints on the components, vehicle performance and driver comfort. Typically, we have to deal with two...

conference paper 2010

document

Predictive cruise control in hybrid electric vehicles

TNO Industrie en Techniek (author), van Keulen, T. (author), Naus, M.J.G. (author), de Jager, B. (author), van de Molengraft, G.J.L. (author), Steinbuch, M. (author), Aneke, N.P.I. (author)

Deceleration rates have considerable influence on the fuel economy of hybrid electric vehicles. Given the vehicle characteristics and actual/measured operating conditions, as well as upcoming route information, optimal velocity trajectories can be constructed that maximize energy recovery. To support the driver in tracking of the energy optimal...

article 2009

document

Where is the early market for PHEVs?

Santini, D.J. (author), Passier, G.L.M. (author), Badin, F. (author), Brouwer, A. (author), Conte, F.V. (author), Smets, S. (author), Alexander, M. (author), Bleijs, C. (author), Brincourt, T. (author), Vyas, A. (author), Rousseau, A. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)

The relative fuel consumption reduction strengths of multiple passenger car powertrains are investigated. These include [A] conventional compression ignition (CI) direct injection (DI) turbocharged (TC) diesel (D) [CI-DI-TC-D]; [B] Atkinson cycle charge sustaining (CS) "split-hybrid" electric vehicles (HEV) fueled by gasoline/petrol (G) [HEVG];...

article 2008

document

Online energy management for hybrid electric vehicles

Kessels, J.T.B.A. (author), Koot, M.W.T. (author), van den Bosch, P.P.J. (author), Kok, D.B. (author)

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are equipped with multiple power sources for improving the efficiency and performance of their power supply system. An energy management (EM) strategy is needed to optimize the internal power flows and satisfy the driver's power demand. To achieve maximum fuel profits from EM, many solution methods have been...

article 2008

document

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in dynamical energy markets

Kessels, J.T.B.A. (author), van den Bosch, P.P.J. (author)

The plug-in hybrid electric vehicle allows vehicle propulsion from multiple internal power sources. Electric energy from the grid can be utilized by means of the plug-in connection. An on-line energy management (EM) strategy is proposed to minimize the costs for taking energy from each power source. Especially in a dynamical energy market, an on...

conference paper 2008

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Energy management strategies for vehicular electric power systems

Koot, M. (author), Kessels, J.T.B.A. (author), de Jager, B. (author), Heemels, W.P.M.H. (author), van den Bosch, P.P.J. (author), Steinbuch, M. (author)

In the near future, a significant increase in electric power consumption in vehicles is expected. To limit the associated increase in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, smart strategies for the generation, storage/retrieval, distribution, and consumption of electric power will be used. Inspired by the research on energy management for...

article 2005

document

Hybrid Carlab: Realisation and testing of a series hybrid vehicle

van den Tillaart, E. (author), Rondel, M. (author), Mourad, S. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author)

TNO Automotive has developed a series hybrid powertrain and successfully integrated it in a Volkswagen New Beetle. This project, called Hybrid CarLab, has the following goals: Benchmark of the fuel consumption, emissions and driveability of a series hybrid vehicle compared to a conventional vehicle over a range of different driving cycles;...

conference paper 2003

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Annex VII 'Hybrid vehicles' of the IEA Implementing Agreement 'Hybrid & Electric Vehicles'

Winkel, R. (author), Smokers, R.T.M. (author), Kost, R. (author), Penney, T. (author), Morita, K. (author), Coenen, P. (author), Bauner, D. (author), Badin, F. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author)

conference paper 2002

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Hybrid vehicles in relation to legislation, regulations and policy

Smokers, R.T.M. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author)

conference paper 2002

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Comparative assessment of fuel consumption for conventional and hybrid vehicles

Winkel, R. (author), van den Tillaart, E. (author), Eelkema, J. (author), Smokers, R.T.M. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author)

conference paper 2002

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ADVANCE, a modular simulation environment for vehicle and powertrain design and analysis

van den Tillaart, E. (author), Eelkema, J. (author), Vink, W. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author)

conference paper 2002

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How to simultaneously achieve low emissions and high efficiency in a hybrid powertrain

Mourad, S. (author), van den Eijnden, E. (author), Foster, D.L. (author), van Helden, M. (author), Rondel, M. (author), Schmal, P. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author)

In order to investigate the possibilities of hybrid driveline architecture and to provide a platform for further technical developments, TNO has designed and prototyped a test platform for a series hybrid powertrain, including a compact, highly advanced generator set. This powertrain is subjected to extensive hardware-in-the-loop testing....

conference paper 2001

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Real-world environmental performance of hybrid vehicles

Winkel, R.G. (author), Hendriksen, P. (author), Vermeulen, R.J. (author), Foster, D.L. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author)

With the further development and market introduction of hybrid vehicle technologies in recent years we are now at a stage where we can test whether the proclaimed advantages of hybrid propulsion in terms of fuel efficiency and emission reduction are actually realised. An important issue is that significant efficiency and emission improvements...

conference paper 2001