Risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in fish products: Some general principles, mechanism of infection and the use of performance standards to control human exposure

Risk assessment is increasingly used as a scientific process to assess the potential for adverse health effects to occur and as a basis for management of unacceptable risks. For each risk assessment activity, the purpose of the assessment should be clearly stated. For Listeria monocytogenes, the purpose of risk assessment may be providing...

Assessment factors for human health risk assessment: A discussion paper

The general goal of this discussion paper is to contribute toward the further harmonization of human health risk assessment. It first discusses the development of a formal, harmonized set of assessment factors. The status quo with regard to assessment factors is reviewed, that is, the type of factors to be identified, the range of values...

Toxicology of chemical mixtures: International perspective

This paper reviews major activities outside the United States on human health issues related to chemical mixtures. In Europe an international study group on combination effects has been formed and has started by defining synergism and antagonism. Successful research programs in Europe include the development and application of statistically...

Exposure and risk estimation for pesticides in high-volume spraying

During twenty applications with a spray pistol of methomyl to chrysanthemums, inhalation exposure as well as potential and actual dermal exposure were monitored using the 'whole-body'-method. On the basis of the exposure data, in terms of exposure to the liquid formulation and the spray liquid, the possible health risk for methomyl and thirteen...

Implementation and evaluation of the fluorescent tracer technique in greenhouse exposure studies

Knowledge of the level of exposure is important for health risk estimation and risk management. Recently, the occurrence of dermal exposure in many situations has been recognized and estimated to be relevant for worker health. Dermal exposure measurement techniques are therefore needed and several approaches have been taken to assess this type...

Toxicological profile for o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol

As part of a health-hazard survey on the health risk of hospital cleaning workers from exposure to Lyorthol, a hazard assessment of o-benzo-p-chlorophenol, one of the constituents of Lyorthol, has been prepared. In this paper, the physical and chemical characteristics, kinetics and effects of o-benzochlorophenol are described and discussed, and...

Toxicological profile for o-phenylphenol and its sodium salt

As part of a health-hazard survey on the health risk of hospital cleaning workers from exposure to Lyorthol, a hazard assessment of o-phenylphenol (and its sodium salt), one of the constituents of Lyorthol, has been prepared, In this paper, the physical and chemical characteristics, kinetics and effects of o-phenylphenol and its sodium salt are...

Complex mixtures: Hazard identification and risk assessment

Regarding risk evaluation of complex mixtures, the Working Group discussed the following topics: evaluation of the mixture as a whole, fractionation of the mixture, identification of the 'top ten' chemicals, and composite standards. It was concluded that no standard methodology for hazard identification and risk assessment of complex mixtures...

Predictive exposure modelling for pesticide registration purposes

The health risk to the agricultural worker using pesticides is important for registration procedures since during mixing, loading and application he or she handles undiluted as well as diluted pesticide formulations. Furthermore, exposure may occur during daily activities in the crop (e.g. harvesting). Possible exposure may reach levels that...

Quality and effectiveness of occupational health services evaluated by the providers

In a debate on the desired occupational health service in The Netherlands all parties involved seemed to be rather unsatisfied with the current practice. Therefore a study was set out on the quality of the service to 51 client organizations as seen by the parties involved. In the first phase the viewpoint of the occupational health teams was...

Young people and sex: Behaviour and health risks in Dutch school students

Exposure to styrene and health complaints in the Dutch glass-reinforced plastics industry

A study of the health hazards for workers exposed to styrene in the Dutch glass-reinforced plastics industry was undertaken. The open mould techniques of filament winding, spraying and hand laminating were chosen for study because exposure of workers using them was expected to be high. Occupational hygiene surveys were conducted in four plants....

Risk assessment of dermal exposure of greenhouse workers to pesticides after re-entry

On 18 farms for rose culture in greenhouses in The Netherlands, dermal exposure of hands and forearms to abamectin (avermectin B1), dodemorph (4- cyclododecyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholinium acetate) and bupirimate (5-butyl-2- (ethylamino)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl dimethylsulphate) was measured during crop activities. Dermal exposure during cutting (75...

Pesticides in the cultivation of carnations in greenhouses: Part I - Exposure and concomitant health risk

Respiratory exposure and dermal exposure of the hands and forearms to the pesticides chlorothalonil, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, and zineb during application and during crop activities have been measured on 18 farms for carnation culture in glass-covered greenhouses in the Netherlands. Farms were selected according to a 'worst case' strategy...

Gas-liquid and liquid chromatographic determination of zineb and maneb for the assessment of occupational exposure in the production of ornamentals

Health hazard surveys have been conducted on Dutch bulb farms and in greenhouses used for cultivation of carnations in order to determine occupational exposure to the fungicides zineb and maneb. Occupational exposure is estimated by determining inhalatory and dermal exposure. Inhalatory exposure is measured by personal air sampling and dermal...