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Tukker, A. (author), Buist, H. (author), van Oers, L. (author), van der Voet, E. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)The EU Commission's Services asked TNO and CML to perform a study into the risks of the present uses of lead over time, as an input to a discussion on the need of a further reduction of the use of this material. The study was set up as a substance flow analysis to analyse trends in uses and emissions of lead in Europe between 2000 and 2030. The...article 2006
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Brouwer, D.H. (author), Links, I.H.M. (author), de Vreede, S.A.F. (author), Christopher, Y. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)A simulated workplace study was conducted to investigate the relation between inhalation exposure and dustiness determined with a rotating drum dustiness tester. Three powders were used in the study, i.e. magnesium stearate, representing a very dusty powder, and aluminium oxide and calcium carbonate, representing low and very low dusty powders,...article 2006
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Finglas, P.M. (author), de Meer, K. (author), Molloy, A. (author), Verhoef, P. (author), Pietrzik, K. (author), Powers, H.J. (author), van der Straeten, D. (author), Jägerstad, M. (author), Varela-Moreiras, G. (author), van Vliet, T. (author), Havenaar, R. (author), Buttriss, J. (author), Wright, A.J.A. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)In the past decade, the understanding of folate bioavailability, metabolism and related health issues has increased, but several problems remain, including the difficulty of delivering the available knowledge to the populations at risk. Owing to the low compliance of taking folic acid supplements, for example, among women of child-bearing age...article 2006
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Smith, R.L. (author), Cohen, S.M. (author), Doull, J. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), Goodman, J.I. (author), Marnett, L.J. (author), Portoghese, P.S. (author), Waddell, W.J. (author), Wagner, B.M. (author), Hall, R.L. (author), Higley, N.A. (author), Lucas-Gavin, C. (author), Adams, T.B. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)A scientifically based guide has been developed to evaluate the safety of naturally occurring mixtures, particularly essential oils, for their intended use as flavor ingredients. The approach relies on the complete chemical characterization of the essential oil and the variability of the composition of the oil in the product intended for...article 2005
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- Tielemans, E. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author), de Heer, C. (author), Rijnders, E. (author), Groenewold, M. (author), Bouwman, Y. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author) article 2005
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van Exel, N.J.A. (author), Koopmanschap, M.A. (author), van den Berg, B. (author), Brouwer, W.B.F. (author), van den Bos, G.A.M. (author), TNO Preventie en Gezondheid (author)Background: We assessed the objective and subjective burden of caregiving for stroke patients and investigated which characteristics of the patient, the informal caregiver and the objective burden contribute most to subjective burden and to the condition of feeling substantially burdened. Methods: We studied a sample of 151 stroke survivors and...article 2005
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TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author), Heijne, W.H.M. (author), Kienhuis, A.S. (author), vnn Ommen, B. (author), Stierum, R.H. (author), Groten, J.P. (author)Toxicogenomics can facilitate the identification and characterization of toxicity, as illustrated in this review. Toxicogenomics, the application of the functional genomics technologies (transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) in toxicology enables the study of adverse effects of xenobiotic substances in relation to structure and activity...article 2005
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Hueber-Becker, F. (author), Nohynek, G.J. (author), Meuling, W.J.A. (author), Benech-Kieffer, F. (author), Toutain, H. (author), TNO Voeding (author)We investigated the absorption of a commercial [14C]-PPD- containing oxidative dark-shade hair dye in human volunteers as well as in vitro using human or pig ear skin. The hair of eight male volunteers was cut to a standard length, dyed, washed, dried, clipped and collected. Hair, washing water, materials used in the study and a 24-h scalp wash...article 2004
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Knippels, L.M.J. (author), van Wijk, F. (author), Penninks, A.H. (author), TNO Voeding (author)Purpose of review This review summarizes selected articles on animal models of food allergy published in 2003. The research areas that are covered include mechanistic studies, the search for new therapies, as well as screening models for hazard identification of potential allergens. Recent findings Novel treatment options of both prevention and...article 2004
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Brasser, P. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)The heat load, imposed by air-permeable NBC (nuclear, biological, and chemical)-protective suits, can be reduced by improving the air permeability of the suit. However, increased air permeability will reduce the chemical protective performance, since increasing the air permeability of the NBC-protective material will result in higher air...article 2004
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Jonker, D. (author), Freidig, A.P. (author), Groten, J.P. (author), de Hollander, A.E.M. (author), Stierum, R.H. (author), Woutersen, R.A. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), TNO Voeding (author)Recent developments in hazard identification and risk assessment of chemical mixtures are reviewed. Empirical, descriptive approaches to study and characterize the toxicity of mixtures have dominated during the past two decades, but an increasing number of mechanistic approaches have made their entry into mixture toxicology. A series of...article 2004
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Feron, V.J. (author), van Vliet, P.W. (author), Notten, W.R.F. (author), TNO Voeding (author)Combined exposures may be categorised as specified combinations or mixtures of substances, depending on composition and exposure scenario. The major characteristic of a specified combination is known composition and that of a mixture simultaneous exposure. A framework was developed as a guide for safety evaluation of combined exposures. This...article 2004
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Versloot, N.H.A. (author), Klein, A.J.J. (author), de Maaijer, M. (author)On July 1, 2003 a transitional period has ended and two European directives became fully active: Directive 1999/92/EC Directive 94/9/EC These directives will have an impact on companies with an explosion hazard (gas, vapor, mist or dust explosions) and on manufacturers of equipment intended to be used in explosive atmospheres. The directives had...conference paper 2004
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Schuhmacher-Wolz, U. (author), Kalberlah, F. (author), Oppl, R. (author), van Hemmen, J.J. (author), TNO Voeding (author)The toxicological background for hazard assessment using a simple to use toolkit for assessment and management of health risks from occupational dermal exposure is presented. Hazard assessment is intended to answer the following questions: (i) is the substance under consideration capable of damaging the skin; (ii) is the substance under...article 2003
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Oppl, R. (author), Kalberlah, F. (author), Evans, P.G. (author), van Hemmen, J.J. (author), TNO Voeding (author)The European Research project RISKOFDERM (QLK4-CT-1999-01107) has two major goals. One is the development of a conceptual model for dermal risk assessment for regulatory purposes, such as the registration of new chemicals. The other goal is to develop a simple-to-use toolkit for assessment and management of health risks from occupational dermal...article 2003
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Feron, V.J. (author), Cassee, F.R. (author), Groten, J.P. (author), van Vliet, P.W. (author), van Zorge, J.A. (author), TNO Voeding Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)In this article, we highlight new developments and recent studies concerning adverse human health effects related to chemical mixtures. One group of activities comprises the development of a new computer program for analyzing mixture studies and a mathematical model as a basis for combination rules that predict the toxicity of mixtures. Other...article 2002
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Seeley, M.R. (author), Tonner-Navarro, L.E. (author), Beck, B.D. (author), Deskin, R. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), Johanson, G. (author), Bolt, H.M. (author)This report compares cancer classification systems, health risk assessment approaches, and procedures used for establishing occupational exposure limits (OELs), in various European countries and scientific organizations. The objectives were to highlight and compare key aspects of these processes and to identify the basis for differences in...article 2001
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Feron, V.J. (author), Arts, J.H.E. (author), Kuper, C.F. (author), Slootweg, P.J. (author), Woutersen, R.A. (author)Health risks of inhaled nasal toxicants were reviewed with emphasis on chemically induced nasal lesions in humans, sensory irritation, olfactory and trigeminal nerve toxicity, nasal immunopathology and carcinogenesis, nasal responses to chemical mixtures, in vitro models, and nasal dosimetry- and metabolism-based extrapolation of nasal data in...article 2001
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Groten, J.P. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)Drinking water can be considered as a complex mixture that consists of tens, hundreds or thousands of chemicals of which the composition is qualitatively and quantitatively not fully known. From a public health point of view it is most relevant to answer the question of whether chemicals in drinking water interact in a way that results in an...article 2000
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Fidder, A. (author), Noort, D. (author), Hulst, A.G. (author), de Jong, L.P.A. (author), Benschop, H.P. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)The development of a procedure for retrospective detection and quantitation of exposure to the arsenical dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine (lewisite; L1) has been initiated. Upon incubation of human blood with [14C]L1 (20 nM-0.2 mM) in vitro, more than 90% of the total radioactivity was found in the erythrocytes and 25-50% of the radioactivity...article 2000