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de Klerk, W.P.C. (author)The surveillance of gun propellants is basically performed either by an investigation into the thermal behavior of the propellant or by the determination of its remaining effective stabilizer content. Over the years it is shown that the surveillance of NC based gun propellants is necessary. NC based materials are intrinsically unstable, and can...article 2015
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Pradines, E. (author), Glacial, F. (author), Medus, D. (author), Stiee, E. (author), Fedou, F. (author), van Hulst, M. (author), de Klerk, W.P.C. (author)Assessing the toxicity of military pyrotechnic products is a growing challenge in the current context of Human and Environment protection. The Allied Ordnance Publication (AOP) 45 and the Standard NATO Agreement (STANAG) 4588 “Guidelines for toxicity testing of smokes, obscurants and pyrotechnics mixtures” proposed a practical framework to...conference paper 2015
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Bedon, C.C.K. (author), van Doormaal, J.C.A.M. (author), Haberacker, C. (author), Hüsken, G. (author), Larcher, M. (author), Millon, O. (author), Saarenheimo, A. (author), Solomos, G. (author), Stolz, A. (author), Thamie, L. (author), Valsamos, G. (author), Williams, A. (author)The determination of the blast protection level of laminated glass windows and facades is of crucial importance, and it is normally done by using experimental investigations. In recent years numerical methods have become much more powerful also with respect to this kind of application. This report attempts to give a first idea of a possible...report 2015
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Carton, E.P. (author), Roebroeks, G.H.J.J. (author), Weerheijm, J. (author), Diederen, A.M. (author), Kwint, M.E. (author)Several specially designed experimental techniques including an alternative test method have been developed for the evaluation of ceramic based armor. Armor grade ceramics and a range of combined materials have been tested using 7.62 AP rounds. Using the energy method [12] the dwell-time and total energy absorbed from the AP core were determined...conference paper 2015
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van den Berg, F. (author), Haverkort, B.R. (author), Hooman, J. (author)Service-oriented systems are designed for interconnecting with other systems. The provided services face timing constraints, the so-called latencies. We present a high-level performance evaluation technique that can be used by a system designer to obtain distributions of these latencies. This technique is capable of capturing nondeterministic,...conference paper 2015
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van der Voort, M.M. (author), Conway, R. (author), Kummer, P.O. (author), Rakvåg, K. (author), Weerheijm, J. (author)An accidental explosion in an ammunition magazine may break-up the structure and cause a significant debris hazard. Experimental and theoretical research mainly focusses on the break-up of the reinforced concrete or brick magazine walls. The behaviour of the door has usually been ignored in the derivation of Quantity Distances (QDs) and risk...conference paper 2015
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di Benedetto, G.L. (author), van Ramshorst, M.C.J. (author), Duvalois, W. (author), Hooijmeijer, P.A. (author), van der Heijden, A.E.D.M. (author), de Klerk, W.P.C. (author)A tensile module system placed within a FEI NovaNanoSEM 650 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was utilized in this work to conduct in-situ tensile testing of propellant material samples. This tensile module system allows for real-time in-situ SEM analysis of the samples to determine the failure mechanism of the propellant material under tensile...conference paper 2015
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Scholtes, J.H.G. (author), Makkus, J.C. (author), Bouma, A. (author), Tijhuis, B. (author)One of the IM tests described in STANAG 4439 is the Fast Cook-off (FCO) test. The Liquid Fuel or External Fire, Munition Test Procedures is described in STANAG 4240: “The objective of the selected fuel fire test is the determination of the reaction and time to reaction of the munition(s) when subjected to a liquid fuel fire environment”. However...conference paper 2015
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Pereira, L. (author), Weerheijm, J. (author), Sluys, L.J. (author)The development of realistic numerical tools to efficiently model the response of concrete structures subjected to close-in detonations and high velocity impacts has been one of the major quests in defense research. Under these loading conditions, quasi-brittle materials undergo a multitude of failure (damage) mechanisms. Dynamic tensile failure...conference paper 2015
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Weerheijm, J. (author), van der Voort, M.M. (author), Verreault, J. (author), van den Berg, A.C. (author)Tunnel accidents with transports of combustible liquefied gases may lead to explosions. Depending on the substance involved this can be a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE), a Gas Expansion Explosion (GEE) or a gas explosion. Quantification of the risk of these scenarios is important to take informed decisions on tunnel design and...conference paper 2015
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Boonacker, B. (author), Halswijk, W.H.C. (author), Westerhof, T.A.T. (author), Eeuwhorst, T.R. (author), Verhagen, T.L.A. (author)TNO is developing a flexible blast effects module suited to be used in simulations of MOUT scenarios within a VL simulation environment for assessing structural damage and human injuries due to blast load-ing. VL simulations should run in seconds to enable Monte Carlo simulations as well as deal with various ammunition – target engagement...conference paper 2015
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Ainslie, M.A. (author), Dahl, P.H. (author), de Jong, C.A.F. (author), Laws, R.M. (author)Geometrical spreading laws are widely used in underwater acoustics because they provide - if chosen carefully - an accuracy that is sufficient for many applications (source characterisation, impact assessment, sound mapping, regulation) for negligible computation time. The simplest and most widely used form is that corresponding to spherical...conference paper 2014
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Tyler-Street, M. (author), Leerdam, P.J. (author), Verhoeven, T. (author)Anti-vehicle (AV) mines and Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) pose a major threat in recent and current missions. In the latest operational theatres of Iraq and Afghanistan they have been responsible for a significant proportion of all casualties. Understanding both the characteristics and strength of the blast loading from these devices is...conference paper 2014
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Boonacker, B. (author), van Doormaal, J.C.A.M. (author), Weerheijm, J. (author)Safety evaluation, risk assessment and decisions on prevention and protection measures require simple fast running methods. It is a challenge to develop a consequence analysis method that is relatively simple, but still has the ability to discern between different cases, scenarios and buildings. In the past years, TNO has participated in the FP7...conference paper 2014
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Khoe, Y.S. (author), van der Horst, M.J. (author), van der Weiden, M.C. (author)The introduction, analysis or development of soldier systems presents many questions regarding the optimum of possible combinations of burden, effectiveness and safety of the soldier system. The soldier is subject to a broad spectrum of physical loads as a consequence of the threats being encountered. Often, the individual burdens are treated...conference paper 2014
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Agar Ozbek, A.S. (author), Weerheijm, J. (author)Porous concrete is a special type of cementitious material incorporating a high amount of meso-size air pores that makes its characteristics markedly different from normal concrete. Therefore, it is being investigated for various applications, aiming to benefit from the presence of the air voids in its structure, such as permeability, noise...conference paper 2014
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Brust, H. (author), van Asten, A. (author), Koeberg, M. (author), Dalmolen, J. (author), van der Heijden, A.E.D.M. (author), Schoenmakers, P. (author)After an explosion of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), its degradation products pentaerythritol trinitrate (PETriN), dinitrate (PEDiN) and mononitrate (PEMN) were detected using liquid chromatography-atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS). Discrimination between post-explosion and naturally degraded PETN...article 2014
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Frijns, R.M.W. (author), Adyanthaya, S. (author), Stuijk, S. (author), Voeten, J.P.M. (author), Geilen, M.C.W. (author), Schiffelers, R.R.H. (author), Corporaal, H. (author)Analyzing worst-case application timing for systems with shared resources is difficult, especially when non-monotonic arbitration policies like First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) scheduling are used in combination with varying task execution times. Analysis methods that conservatively analyze these systems are often based on state-space exploration,...conference paper 2014
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Brust, H. (author), Willemse, S. (author), Zeng, T. (author), van Asten, A. (author), Koeberg, M. (author), van der Heijden, A.E.D.M. (author), Bolck, A. (author), Schoenmakers, P. (author)In this work, a reliable and robust vacuum-outlet gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method is introduced for the identification and quantification of impurities in trinitrotoluene (TNT). Vacuum-outlet GC-MS allows for short analysis times the analysis of impurities in TNT was performed in 4. min. This study shows that impurity...article 2014
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Carton, E.P. (author), Roebroeks, G.H.J.J. (author), Broos, J.P.F. (author), Halls, V. (author), Zheng, J. (author)In order use material models in (numerical) calculations, the mechanical properties of all materials involved should be known. At TNO an indirect method to determine the dynamic flow stress of materials has been generated by a combination of ballistic penetration tests with an energy-based engineering model. For visco-elasto-plastic materials,...conference paper 2014