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Hulskotte, J.H.J. (author), van der Gon, H.A.C.D. (author), Visschedijk, A.J.H. (author), Schaap, M. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)In this article we show that brake wear from road traffic vehicles is an important source of atmospheric (participate) copper concentrations in Europe. Consequently, brake wear also contributes significantly to deposition fluxes of copper to surface waters. We estimated the copper emission due to brake wear to be 2.4 kiloton per year. For...conference paper 2007
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Kastelein, R.A. (author), de Haan, D. (author), Verboom, W.C. (author), TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author)It is unclear how well harbor porpoises can locate sound sources, and thus can locate acoustic alarms on gillnets. Therefore the ability of a porpoise to determine the location of a sound source was determined. The animal was trained to indicate the active one of 16 transducers in a 16-m -diam circle around a central listening station. The...article 2007
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Denier van der Gon, H.A.C. (author), Hulskotte, J.H.J. (author), Visschedijk, A.J.H. (author), Schaap, M. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)Comparisons of measured and model-predicted atmospheric copper concentrations show a severe underestimation of the observed concentrations by the models. This underestimation may be (partly) due to underestimated emissions of copper to air. Since the phase out of asbestos brake lining material, the composition of brake lining material has...article 2007
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van Geer, F. (author), Marsman, A. (author), Janssen, G.M.C.M. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)Usually the design of the monitoring system is based on the relation between the monitoring effort and the uncertainty of the information. Often the estimation error standard deviation is used as a criterion for the design. Despite the fact that, for scientists, the standard deviation as a measure of uncertainty is a logical criterion, water...conference paper 2007
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van Maanen, P.P. (author), Klos, T. (author), van Dongen, C.J.G. (author), TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author)This paper argues that it is important to study issues concerning trust and reliance when developing systems that are intended to augment cognition. Operators often under-rely on the help of a support system that provides advice or that performs certain cognitive tasks autonomously. The decision to rely on support seems to be largely determined...conference paper 2007
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TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author), Norris, S.J. (author), Brooks, I.M. (author), de Leeuw, G. (author), Smith, M.H. (author), Moerman, M.M. (author), Lingard, J.J.N. (author)Most estimates of sea spray aerosol source functions have used indirect means to infer the rate of production as a function of wind speed. Only recently has the technology become available to make high frequency measurements of aerosol spectra suitable for direct eddy correlation determination of the sea spray particle flux. This was...article 2007
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Roijers, F. (author), van den Berg, J.L. (author), Fan, X. (author), Fleuren, M.J. (author), TNO Informatie- en Communicatietechnologie (author)Several studies in literature have investigated the performance of the proposed ieee 802.11e standard for qos differentiation in wlan, but most of them are limited both with respect to the range of the parameter settings and the considered traffic scenarios. The aim of the present study is twofold. First, we systematically investigate the...article 2006
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Dekkers, S. (author), Telman, J. (author), Rennen, M.A.J. (author), Appel, M.J. (author), de Heer, C. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)In this study, the within-animal variation in routinely studied continuous toxicological parameters was estimated from temporal fluctuations in individual healthy nonexposed animals. Assuming that these fluctuations are nonadverse, this within-animal variation may be indicative of the minimal magnitude of the critical effect size (CES). The CES...article 2006
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Bernaards, C.M. (author), Jans, M.P. (author), van den Heuvel, S.G. (author), Hendriksen, I.J. (author), Houtman, I.L. (author), Bongers, P.M. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Aims: To investigate the longitudinal relation between strenuous leisure time physical activity and psychological complaints (depression and emotional exhaustion) in a Dutch working population in order to find evidence For the preventive role of physical activity in the development of psychological complaints. Methods: All data came from the...article 2006
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Berendrecht, W.L. (author), Heemink, A.W. (author), van Geer, F.C. (author), Gehrels, J.C. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)A non-linear state space model is developed for describing groundwater fluctuations. Non-linearity is introduced by modeling the (unobserved) degree of water saturation of the root zone. The non-linear relations are based on physical concepts describing the dependence of both the actual evapotranspiration and the percolation rate on the degree...article 2006
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Meta, A. (author), Hoogeboom, P. (author), Ligthart, L.P. (author)The combination of Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) technology and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) leads to lightweight, cost-effective imaging sensors of high resolution. In FMCW SAR applications the conventional stop-and-go approximation used in pulse radar algorithms can be not valid anymore, therefore the motion within the sweep...conference paper 2006
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Groen, E.L. (author), Wentink, M. (author), Valente Pais, A.R. (author), Mulder, M. (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author), TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author)Pilot perception models include detailed descriptions of the sensory dynamics involved in human spatial orientation. For example, the TNO Spatial Orientation model contains transfer functions of the visual and vestibular system (semicircular canals and otoliths). In our previous attempts to apply this model for the validation of simulator motion...conference paper 2006
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Gietelink, O.J. (author), de Schutter, B. (author), Verhaegen, M. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)We present an approach for validation of advanced driver assistance systems, based on randomized algorithms. The new method consists of an iterative randomized simulation using adaptive importance sampling. The randomized algorithm is more efficient than conventional simulation techniques. The importance sampling pdf is estimated by a kernel...conference paper 2006
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van den Berg, J.L. (author), Mandjes, M. (author), van de Meent, R. (author), Pras, A. (author), Roijers, F. (author), Venemans, P. (author), TNO Informatie- en Communicatietechnologie (author)Current bandwidth provisioning procedures for IP network links are mostly based on simple rules of thumb, using coarse traffic measurements made on a time scale of e.g., 5 or 15 min. A crucial question, however, is whether such coarse measurements give any useful insight into the capacity actually needed: QoS degradation experienced by the users...article 2006
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Marquart, H. (author), Warren, N.D. (author), Laitinen, J. (author), van Hemmen, J.J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Dermal exposure needs to be addressed in regulatory risk assessment of chemicals. The models used so far are based on very limited data. The EU project RISKOFDERM has gathered a large number of new measurements on dermal exposure to industrial chemicals in various work situations, together with information on possible determinants of exposure....article 2006
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de Theije, P.A.M. (author), Sindt, J.C. (author), TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author)This paper focuses on estimating the two-dimensional (2-D) target-speed vector (course and speed) using a multistatic sonar that consists of one monostatic sonar and one bistatic receiver. The speed and course estimates are obtained after a single transmission. The theory on bistatic Doppler and 2-D target-speed vector estimation is first...article 2006
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van Wijngaarden, S.J. (author), Verhave, J.A. (author), TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author)Traffic tunnels are generally hostile acoustic environments, both in terms of reverberation and ambient noise levels. Public address (PA) systems used to convey spoken warnings must meet stringent design requirements in order to produce sufficiently intelligible speech. To be able to predict PA system performance at tunnel design time, two di...article 2006
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TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author), Reid, J.S. (author), Brooks, B. (author), Crahan, K.K. (author), de Leeuw, G. (author), Reid, E.A. (author), Anderson, F.D. (author), Hegg, D.A. (author), Eck, T.F. (author), O'Neill, N. (author)In August/September of 2001, the R/P FLIP and CIRPAS Twin Otter research aircraft were deployed to the eastern coast of Oahu, Hawaii, as part of the Rough Evaporation Duct (RED) experiment. Goals included the study of the air/sea exchange, turbulence, and sea-salt aerosol particle characteristics at the subtropical marine Pacific site. Here we...article 2006
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TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author), Bolt, R.J. (author), Bekers, D.J. (author), Llombart, N. (author), Neto, A. (author), Gerini, G. (author)Low efficiency and pattern degradation are specific problems encountered in phased array designs based on integrated technology, as for example used in lowprofile radar applications. These problems are largely due to the excitation of surface waves (SW). It was demonstrated in earlier work that Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) technology can...conference paper 2006
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TNO Informatie- en communicatietechnologie (author), Djapic, R. (author), Leus, G. (author), van der Veen, A.J. (author), Trindade, A. (author)Ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless communication systems are based on the transmission of extremely narrow pulses, with a duration inferior to a nanosecond. The application of transmit reference(TR) to UWB systems allows to side-step channel estimation at the receiver, with a tradeoff of the effective transmission bandwidth, which is reduced by the...article 2006