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van der Wal, J.F. (author), Hoogeveen, A.W. (author), Wouda, P. (author), TNO Bouw (author)The influence of temperature on the emission rate of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from four indoor materials was investigated in a small dynamic test chamber. The materials investigated were two carpets, a PVC flooring and a paint; the temperature range investigated was 23-50°C. The general trend was an increased initial emission rate and an...article 1997
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Rijkeboer, R.C. (author), Bijsterbosch, B.J. (author), Baarbé, H.L. (author), Bata, R. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author)Measurement procedures for the legal limitation of emissions from heavy duty engines should adequately reflect the actual use of such engines in practice. Equally important is the possibility to monitor the emission performance of certified engines on the market. This paper gives a short overview of the experiences with the Dutch in-use...conference paper 1997
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Walton, S. (author), Gallagher, M.W. (author), Duyzer, J.H. (author), TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author)A 1D deposition model derived from work by Baldocchi, has been used to interpret the exchange of NO, NO2 and O3 measured over an orchard. Where possible, direct measurements from the orchard were used in favour of existing model parameterisations. The model incorporates NO(x)-O3 chemistry and an emission of NO at the air-soil interface. Model...article 1997
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Hass, H. (author), Builtjes, P.J.H. (author), Simpson, D. (author), Stern, R. (author), TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author)An intercomparison study has been performed with four photo-oxidant dispersion models (EMEP, EURAD, LOTOS and REM3) which are currently capable of performing photo-oxidant formation calculations over larger path of Europe. The models, in principle, were run in the mode in which they are normally used, with their own input data and process...conference paper 1997
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Oonk, J. (author), TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author)Emissiereductie van niet-0O2-broeikasgassen levert interessante mogelijkheden om het totaal aan emissies van broeikasgassen te verminderen. Voor een aantal van deze gassen (bijvoorbeeld NO, en VOS) is dit onderdeel van bestaand beleid en bij realisatie van dit bestaand beleid is een emissiereductie van 15 Mton CO2-equivalenten te verwachten....conference paper 1997
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TNO Fysisch en Elektronisch Laboratorium (author), Zeisse, C. (author), Gathman, S.G. (author), Jensen, D.R. (author), Littfin, K. (author), Moision, B. (author), Davidson, K.L. (author), Frederickson, P.A. (author), de Jong, A.N. (author), Fritz, P.J. (author), de Leeuw, G. (author), Luc Forand, J. (author), Dion, D. (author)An analysis is presented showing the effects of molecules and aerosols on atmospheric transmission data obtained during the Electro-Optical Propagation Assessment in Coastal Environments (EOPACE) campaign carried out in San Diego during March and April, 1996. Mid wave infrared transmission was measured over San Diego Bay along a 14.9 km path and...conference paper 1997
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- TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author) other 1996
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- TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author) other 1996
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van der Steen, M. (author), de Rijke, J. (author), Seppen, J.J. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author)This paper compares stoichiometric with lean burn technology for heavy-duty gas engines (natural gas and LPG) and demonstrates that there is a future for both engine concepts on the multilateral global market. Emission limits in Europe as expected in the near future will facilitate both engine concepts. Which of the two concepts is the most...conference paper 1996
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- Berdowski, J.J.M. (author), TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie, TNO MEP (author) report 1996
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- TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author) other 1996
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Baert, R.S.G. (author), Beckman, D.E. (author), Veen, A. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author)An EGR system for turbocharged and aftercooled HD diesel engines has been demonstrated on a 12 litre 315 kW engine with 4 valves per cylinder and a high pressure injection system. In this system exhaust gas is tapped off before the turbine, run through a cooler and mixed with the intake air after the compressor and aftercooler. The EGR system...conference paper 1996
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Janssens, M.H.A. (author), Thompson, D.J. (author), Technisch Physische Dienst TNO - TH (author)The sound level of a train crossing a steel railway bridge is usually about 10 dB higher than on plain track. In the Netherlands there are many such bridges which, for practical reasons, cannot be replaced by more intrinsically quiet concrete bridges. A computational model is described for the estimation of noise levels due to a train crossing a...article 1996
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de Koning, J. (author), TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author)In 1989 in The Netherlands elevated dioxin concentrations were found in cow's milk originating from areas a.o. located near Municipal Solid Waste Combustion (MSWC) facilities. This induced the Dutch government to set up an extensive programme for making an inventory of all possible dioxin sources in The Netherlands, by studies and measurements....conference paper 1996
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Hollemans, B.H. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author)Excise and other duties measures in Europe, threaten to affect the low price of LPG as a car fuel. As a result, this less polluting fuel would lose position. For this reason the Netherlands LPG industry commissioned TNO to undertake a study which would clearly demonstrate the advantages of LPG. The project was carried out in close cooperation...conference paper 1996
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- TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author) other 1996
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Dekker, H.J. (author), Sturm, W.L. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author)A dynamic model of a Heavy Duty (HD) turbocharged and aftercooled diesel engine was developed. The engine was equipped with high pressure diesel injection, a Variable Geometry Turbine (VGT) and an Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system. This engine was targeted at meeting EURO4 emission requirements. The final emission results were 2.4 g/kWh NOx...conference paper 1996
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Verweij, J. (author), van der Weide, J. (author), de Nie, L.H. (author), de Bruin, A. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author)This three year demonstration programme was initiated by OBL, a subsidiary of two Dutch sugar companies, and GADO, a public transport company. The programme was financially supported by a regional governmental organisation (ISP). In this programme, three bio-ethanol fuelled buses accumulated more than 700.000 kilometres in and around the city of...conference paper 1996
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Baert, R.S.G. (author), Beckman, D.E. (author), Verbeek, R.P. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author)An EGR system for turbocharged (and aftercooled) heavy-duty diesel engines have been demonstrated on a 12 litre 315 kW engine with 4 valves per cyclinder head and high pressure injection system. In the EGR system exhaust gas is tapped of before the turbine, run through a cooler and mixed with the intake air after the compressor and aftercooler....conference paper 1996
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- TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author), Sulilatu, W.F. (author), Hesseling, W.F.M. (author) report 1996