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Huizinga, W. (author), van Opbroek, A.G. (author), Raimon, H.R. (author), Pruim, R.H.R. (author), den Hollander, R.J.M. (author), van den Broek, S.P. (author), van den Schook, E.S. (author), Schutte, K. (author), van den Stap, N. (author), Dijk, J. (author)Imaging systems can be used to obtain situational awareness in maritime situations. Important tools for these systems are automatic detection and tracking of objects in the acquired imagery, in which numerous methods are being developed. When designing a detection or tracking algorithm, its quality should be ensured by a comparison with existing...article 2019
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Sprung, D. (author), Van Eijk, A.M.J. (author), Ullwer, C. (author), Gunter, W. (author), Eisele, C. (author), Seiffer, D. (author), Sucher, E. (author), Stein, K. (author)The atmospheric influence on wave propagation was investigated during the First European South African Transmission ExpeRiment from June 2015 to February 2016. The focus in this article was set on optical turbulence, the main atmospheric factor affecting the position and strength of Laser beams, the performance of electro-optical systems and...conference paper 2018
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Sprung, D. (author), Grossmann, P. (author), Sucher, E. (author), van Eijk, A.M.J. (author), Stein, K. (author)Operation and design of electro-optical systems are affected by atmospheric turbulence, quantified by refractive structure function parameter Cn 2. The long-term VerTurM experiment at a rural site in Northwestern Germany served to collect an extended dataset of vertical profiles of Cn 2 values up to 64 meters, completed by a characterization of...conference paper 2017
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Sprung, D. (author), Van Eijk, A.M.J. (author), Sucher, E. (author), Eisele, C. (author), Seiffer, D. (author), Stein, K. (author)The experiment FESTER (First European South African Transmission ExpeRiment) took place in 2015 to investigate the atmospheric influence on electro-optical systems performance across False Bay / South Africa on a long term basis. Several permanent stations for monitoring electro-optical propagation and atmospheric parameters were set up around...conference paper 2016
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TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author), van den Broek, S.P. (author), Bouma, H. (author), Degache, M.A.C. (author), Burghouts, G.J. (author)For naval operations in a coastal environment, detection of boats is not sufficient. When doing surveillance near a supposedly friendly coast, or self protection in a harbor, it is important to find the one object that means harm, among many others that do not. For this, it is necessary to obtain information on the many observed targets, which...conference paper 2009
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TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author), Dijk, J. (author), van Eekeren, A.W.M. (author), Schutte, K. (author), de Lange, D.J.J. (author), van Vliet, L.J. (author)When bright moving objects are viewed with an electro-optical system at very long range, they will appear as small slightly blurred moving points in the recorded image sequence. Detection of point targets is seriously hampered by structure in the background, temporal noise and aliasing artifacts due to undersampling by the infrared (IR) sensor....conference paper 2009
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Dijk, J. (author), Schwering, P.B.W. (author), Kemp, R.A.W. (author), van den Broek, S.P. (author), de Lange, D.J.J. (author), TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author)In harbour environments operators perform tasks as detection and classification. Present-day threats of small objects, as jet skis etc, should be detected, classified and recognized. Furthermore threat intention should be analysed. As harbour environments contain several hiding spaces, due to fixed and floating neutral objects, correct...conference paper 2008
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TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author), de Lange, D.J.J. (author), Dijk, J. (author), Schwering, P.B.W. (author), Kemp, R.A.W. (author), de Groot, J.F. (author), van den Broek, S.P. (author)In harbour environments operators should perform tasks as detection and classification. Present-day threats of smallobjects, as jet skis etc, should be detected, classified and recognized. Furthermore threat intention should be analysed. As harbour environments contain several hiding spaces, due to fixed and floating neutral objects, correct...conference paper 2008
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Bijl, P. (author), Hogervorst, M.A. (author), TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author)Currently, three major approaches exist to predict Target Acquisition (TA) performance with thermal imagers: i) the TOD laboratory method and model, ii) the NVThermIP model and iii) the MTDP lab method and TRM3 model. In this study, TOD measurements, TOD predictions and NVThermIP predictions are compared for a number of simulated sensors ranging...conference paper 2007
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TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author), Schwering, P.B.W. (author), Bezuidenhout, D.F. (author), Gunter, W.H. (author), de Jong, A.N. (author), Fritz, P.J. (author), le Roux, F.P.J. (author), Sieberhagen, R.H. (author), Holloway, M. (author), Vrahimis, G. (author), October, F.J. (author), Kemp, R.A.W. (author)Present-day naval operations take place in coastal environments as well as narrow straits all over the world. Coastal environments around the world are exhibiting a number of threats to naval forces. In particular a large number of asymmetric threats can be present in environments with cluttered backgrounds as well as rapidly varying atmospheric...conference paper 2007
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TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author), Schwering, P.B.W. (author), van den Broek, S.P. (author), van Iersel, M. (author)In recent years, operations executed by naval forces have taken place at many different locations. At present, operations against international terrorism and asymmetric warfare in coastal environments are of major concern. In these scenarios, the threat caused by pirates on-board of small surface targets, such as jetskis and fast inshore attack...conference paper 2007
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TNO Fysisch en Elektronisch Laboratorium (author), Piazzola, J. (author), Bouchara, F. (author), de Leeuw, G. (author), van Eijk, A.M.J. (author)The performance of electro-optical systems can be substantially affected by aerosol particles that scatter and absorb electromagnetic radiation. The model that is most frequently used for the prediction of aerosols and their effect on extinction in the marine atmosphere is the US Navy Aerosol Model (NAM). However, NAM can be significantly less...article 2003
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TNO Technische Menskunde (author), Bijl, P. (author), Hogervorst, M.A. (author), Valeton, J.M. (author), de Ruiter, C.J. (author)TNO Human Factors in the Netherlands developed a prototype apparatus for testing the image quality of X-ray Baggage Screening Systems: BAXSTER. BAXSTER stands for BAggage X-ray Screening TesteR. The test has a variety of applications, e.g. support by the choice of optimal screening systems for airport security, comparison of competing X-ray...conference paper 2003
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TNO Technische Menskunde (author), Bijl, P. (author), Hogervorst, M.A. (author), Valeton, J.M. (author)At the moment there are three potential models and associated measures to replace the FLIR92 model and the MRTD as the standard for sensor performance characterization and TA range predictions. These are: 1) the NVTherm model that calculates the MRTD-ID, 2) the TRM3 model that calculates the MTDP and 3) the TOD model that calculates the TOD. The...conference paper 2002
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Electro-optical propagation assessment in coastal environments (EOPACE): Summary and accomplishmentsJensen, D.R. (author), Gathman, S.G. (author), Zeisse, C.R. (author), de Leeuw, G. (author), Smith, M.H. (author), Frederickson, P.A. (author), TNO Fysisch en Elektronisch Laboratorium (author)EOPACE (electro-optical propagation assessment in coastal environments) was a 5-yr multinational and interdisciplinary effort to improve the performance assessment for electro-optical (EO) systems operating in coastal environments. The initial results of the EOPACE program include: (1) the parameterization of the surf-zone generated aerosol-size...article 2001
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TNO Technische Menskunde (author), Bijl, P. (author), Valeton, J.M. (author), Hogervorst, M.A. (author)The traditional test pattern for end-to-end EO system performance testing in the laboratory has been the static 3- or 4-bar target. This choice was governed by linear systems approach. The introduction of under-sampled imagers such as IRFPAs (infrared focal plane array cameras) has challenged the testing community to develop an alternative test,...conference paper 2001
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Piazzola, J. (author), van Eijk, A.M.J. (author), de Leeuw, G. (author), TNO Fysisch en Elektronisch Laboratorium (author)The performance assessment of electro-optical (EO) systems with propagation prediction codes requires accurate atmospheric models. The model that is most frequently used for the prediction of aerosols and their effect on extinction in the marine atmosphere is the U.S. Navy aerosol model (NAM) (Gathman, 1983). The NAM was developed for open ocean...article 2000
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TNO Human Factors Research Institute TNO Fysisch en Elektronisch Laboratorium (author), Bijl, P. (author), Valeton, J.M. (author), de Jong, A.N. (author)Identification and recognition performance for four staring and two scanning thermal imagers, were measured in an observer experiment using images that were collected during a NATO field trial in Nettuno, Italy, in 1998. The dataset allows validation of the MRTD and alternative sensor performance measures such as the TOD (Triangle Orientation...conference paper 2000
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de Jong, A.N. (author), Kemp, R.A.W. (author), TNO Fysisch en Elektronisch Laboratorium (author)The detection of small surface targets at sea is an increasing requirement for warships. The present sensors on board do not provide the required detection probabilities for these low observable targets like small rubber boats, floating mines, periscopes, people etc. The reason for the low probability of detection is not only the low contrast...conference paper 1998