Salsalate activates brown adipose tissue in mice

Salsalate improves glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes patients, but the mechanism is still unknown. The aim of the current study was to unravel the molecular mechanisms involved in these beneficial metabolic effects of salsalate by treating mice with salsalate during and after development of high-fat diet-induced obesity. We...

Preexposure to amorphous silica particles attenuates but also enhances allergic reactions in trimellitic anhydride-sensitized brown Norway rats

Irritant-induced inflammation of the airways may aggravate respiratory allergy induced by chemical respiratory allergens. Therefore, the effect of airway irritation by synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) on respiratory allergy to trimellitic anhydride (TMA) was studied. Brown Norway (BN) rats were topically sensitized on day 0 and on day 7,...

Efficacy of caffeine and modafinil in counteracting sleep deprivation in the marmoset monkey

Mouse models for atherosclerosis and pharmaceutical modifiers

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial highly-complex disease with numerous etiologies that work synergistically to promote lesion development. The ability to develop preventive and ameliorative treatments will depend on animal models that mimic the human subject metabolically and pathophysiologically and will develop lesions comparable to those in...

Chronic PYY3-36 treatment promotes fat oxidation and ameliorates insulin resistance in C57BL6 mice

PYY3-36 is a gut-derived hormone acting on hypothalamic nuclei to inhibit food intake. We recently showed that PYY3-36 acutely reinforces insulin action on glucose disposal in mice. We aimed to evaluate effects of PYY3-36 on energy metabolism and the impact of chronic PYY3-36 treatment on insulin sensitivity. Mice received a single injection of...

Short-term dexamethasone treatment inhibits vein graft thickening in hypercholesterolemic ApoE3Leiden transgenic mice

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess whether the anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone can inhibit vein graft thickening without the occurrence of serious side effects. Methods: Venous interposition grafting was performed in the common carotid artery of hypercholesterolemic ApoE3Leiden transgenic mice. Mice were treated with...

Effect of low dose atorvastatin versus diet-induced cholesterol lowering on atherosclerotic lesion progression and inflammation in apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden transgenic mice

Objective - To evaluate whether low-dose atorvastatin suppresses atherosclerotic lesion progression and inflammation in apolipoprotein E*3 (apoE*3)-Leiden mice beyond its cholesterol-lowering effect. Methods and Results - ApoE*3-Leiden mice were fed a high-cholesterol (HC) diet until mild atherosclerotic lesions had formed. Subsequently, HC diet...

Repeated dose oral toxicological evaluation of concentrated barley β-glucan in CD-1 mice including a recovery phase

The cholesterol-lowering effect observed following consumption of oats and barley is attributable to the β-glucan component of the soluble fiber fraction of these cereal grains. β-Glucan has also been reported to modulate immune activity, however, few studies have evaluated the hematological effects of β-glucan following oral exposure. In the...

Analysis of coagulation cascade and endothelial cell activation during inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor pathway in cancer patients

Objective - The angiogenesis inhibitor SU5416 is a potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-1 and -2. VEGF may be involved in hemostasis by altering the hemostatic properties of endothelial cells. We analyzed the effects of SU5416 on the coagulation cascade and the vessel wall in patients with advanced cancer....

Lack of effect of doxycycline on disease activity and joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A double blind, placebo controlled trial

Objective. To investigate the effects of doxycycline on disease activity and joint destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. A 36 week double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial was conducted. Patients (n = 66) received 50 mg doxycycline or placebo twice a day during 12, 24, or 36 weeks. Patient assessments were...

Coadministration of antigen and particles optimally stimulates the immune response in an intranasal administration model in mice

Some particulate matter is known to affect human health, yet the mechanism(s) by which it acts is largely unknown. One of the factors that may play a role in the immune- stimulating activity of particles is binding of allergen to particles. This may turn the particles into allergen carriers, resulting in antigen deposition within the altered...

Influence of single and multiple doses of amifostine on the efficacy and the pharmacokinetics of carboplatin in mice

We have previously reported that amifostine potentiates the anti-tumour activity of carboplatin in mice. The present study was carried out in well-established human ovarian cancer xenografts OVCAR-3, A2780 and FMa grown subcutaneously in the nude mouse. It was found that a single dose of amifostine resulted in a higher increase in the anti...

Four-week oral toxicity study with erythritol in rats

Erythritol was orally administered to Wistar rats at dietary levels of 0, 5, and 10% for 4 weeks. Soft stools and diarrhea were observed in male and female animals of the 10% group and in female animals of the 5% group. These symptoms disappeared during the course of the study. Mean body weights of male rats in the high-dose group were...

Subchronic oral toxicity studies with erythritol in mice and rats

Erythritol is a sugar alcohol (polyol) with potential applications as a low-calorie, bulk sweetener. Ingested erythritol is efficiently absorbed and excreted unchanged via the urine since it is not metabolized systemically by the animal or human body. Erythritol was administered to four groups of 10 male and 10 female Swiss CD-1 mice and four...

Effect of conjugated estrogens with and without medrogestone: A prospective study

Objective: To study the possible changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins during hormone replacement therapy with special emphasis on the possible effects brought about by the progestogen. Design: Open-label randomized prospective comparative study. Setting: Gynecological outpatient department of a university hospital. Patients: Thirty-three...

Acetyldinaline: A new oral cytostatic drug with impressive differential activity against leukemic cells and normal stem cells - Preclinical studies in a relevant rat model for human acute myelocytic leukemia

Acetyldinaline [CI-994; GOE 5549; PD 123 654; 4-acetylamino-N-(2'- aminophenyl)-benzamide] is the acetylated derivative form of the original compound Dinaline (GOE 1734; PD 104 208). The efficacy and toxicity of Acetyldinaline for remission-induction treatment of leukemia were evaluated and compared with those observed in previous studies of...

The long-term study in rodents for identifying carcinogens: Some controversies and suggestions for improvements

Despite increasing standardisation and international harmonisation of the long-term carcinogenicity study in rodents there are still areas of controversy such as high-dose selection, duration of the test period, combining or not combining the chronic toxicity and the carcinogenicity study, the use of historical control data, conditions for...

Effect of variable versus fixed exposure levels on the toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats

The effects of exposure pattern on the toxicity of acetaldehyde vapour were investigated in 4-week inhalation studies. Male rats were exposed to 500 or 150 and 110 ppm for 6 h per day/5 days per week. One group of animals was exposed without interruption, the exposure of a second group was interrupted for 1.5 h between the first and second 3-h...