Large area 140 cm2 perovskite solar modules made by sheet to sheet and roll to roll fabrication with 14.5% efficiency

The industrialization of perovskite solar cells (PSC) require processes to efficiently deposit the constituent layers over large areas. In this work we optimized the use of slot die coating process for both sheet-to-sheet (S2S) and roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing. Particular focus have been put on the control of the uniformity of perovskite...

Sweet spot identification and smart development -An integrated reservoir characterization study of a posidonia shale of a posidonia shale outcrop analogue

Shale gas reservoir stimulation procedures (e.g. hydraulic fracturing) require upfront prediction and planning that should be supported by a comprehensive reservoir characterization. Therefore, understanding shale depositional processes and associated vertical and lateral sedimentological variability is key in predicting the character and...

2D and 3D interconnect fabrication by picosecond Laser Induced Forward Transfer

Interconnects are an important cost driver in advanced 3D chip packaging. This holds for Through Silicon Vias (TSV) for chip stacking, but also for other integrated Si-technology. Especially in applications with a low number (<100 mm-2) of relatively large (10-2- um diameter), high aspect ratio (1:5-1:20) vertical interconnects (TSV's),...

Nanopillar growth by focused helium ion-beam-induced deposition

A 25 keV focused helium ion beam has been used to grow PtC nanopillars on a silicon substrate by beam-induced decomposition of a (CH₃) ₃Pt(C_PCH₃) precursor gas. The ion beam diameter was about 1 nm. The observed relatively high growth rates suggest that electronic excitation is the dominant mechanism...

Development of APCVD process for high quality TCO

For the past decade TNO has been involved in the research and development of atmospheric pressure CVD (APCVD) and plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD) processes for deposition of transparent conductive oxides (TCO), such as tin oxide and zinc oxide. The use of atmospheric deposition processes allows for large scale roll to roll manufacturing, and is...

Ångström coefficient as a tracer of the continental aerosols

The variation of the extinction coefficient with wavelength can be presented as a power law function with a constant (related to the power factor) known as the Ångström coefficient. When the particle size distribution is dominated by small particles, usually associated with pollution, the Ångström coefficients are high; in clear conditions they...