A method for backward calculation of debris in a post blast scene

There is limited knowledge on deriving the strength of an explosion based on the observed explosion effects. Existing methods are based primarily on the effects of blast overpressure on surrounding structures. Window breakage and structural damage are well studied and are widely used to derive most probable explosion strengths. Other explosive...

Use of a modified Taber abrasion apparatus for investigating the complete stress state during abrasion and in-process wear particle aerosol generation

A present challenge in chemical nano-product formulation is the prediction of structure–function relationships of designed nano-particle based chemical engineering products such as coatings or solids. A particular attention is in this framework today paid to the question whether such products will release particles to the air during their life...

Secondary debris effects on personnel

Effects of munitions during operations in urban terrain are critical not only for enemy and allied soldiers but also to civilians. Besides the primary weapon effects caused by penetrating fragments, and blast overpressure; secondary effects from wall debris may contribute to the damage process. To identify valuable topics on personnel vulnerabil...

Forensic analysis of explosions: Inverse calculation of the charge mass

Forensic analysis of explosions consists of determining the point of origin, the explosive substance involved, and the charge mass. Within the EU fP7 project Hyperion, TNO developed the Inverse Explosion Analysis (TNO-IEA) tool to estïmate the charge mass and point of origin based on observed damage around an explosion. In this paper inverse...

A structured approach to forensic study of explosions: The TNO Inverse Explosion Analysis tool

Forensic analysis of explosions consists of determining the point of origin, the explosive substance involved, and the charge mass. Within the EU FP7 project Hyperion, TNO developed the Inverse Explosion Analysis (TNO-IEA) tool to estimate the charge mass and point of origin based on observed damage around an explosion. In this paper inverse...

A structured approach to forensic study of explosions: The TNO Inverse Explosion Analysis tool

Forensic analysis of explosions consists of determining the point of origin, the explosive substance involved, and the charge mass. Within the EU FP7 project Hyperion, TNO developed the Inverse Explosion Analysis (TNO-IEA) tool to estimate the charge mass and point of origin based on observed damage around an explosion. In this paper inverse...

A statistical description of explosion produced debris dispersion

The handling of explosives and ammunition introduces a safety risk for personnel and third parties. Accidents related to storage, transport and transshipment may result in severe injury and material damage. Dispersion of structural debris is one of the main hazards resulting from detonations inside structures. Reliable prediction models for...

Recent developments of the KG software

Explosive loading of a reinforced concrete ammunition magazine may result in break-up and launch of debris. Since debris throw is one of the major hazards in case of an accidental explosion, it is of high importance within risk assessment tools. Within the Klotz Group this phenomenon has been modelled and implemented in the KG Software. The...

A universal throw model and its applications

A deterministic model has been developed that describes the throw of debris or fragments from a source with an arbitrary geometry and for arbitrary initial conditions. The initial conditions are defined by the distributions of mass, launch velocity and launch direction. The item density in an exposed area, i.e. the number of impacting debris or...

The application of debris and fragment throw models in risk assessment methodologies

The throw of debris and fragments is often a dominant effect in explosion events. Models to quantify this effect are therefore of great importance for consequence analysis and risk assessment methodologies. Recently much effort has been expended to develop throw models related to detonations in reinforced concrete ammunition magazines (Klotz...

The development and application of the Klotz Group software

The international group of experts on explosive safety ‘Klotz Group’ is developing an engineering tool (KG-ETool) for the prediction of debris throw from reinforced concrete structures after an accidental explosion. The tool is based on state-of-the-art knowledge, and available debris pick-up data from a number of trials. With the help of this...

Analysis of the safety of military personnel using Bayesian Belief Networks (BBN)

A quantitative risk assessment tool for the external safety of industrial plants with a dust explosion hazard

A quantitative risk assessment (QRA) tool has been developed by TNO for the external safety of industrial plants with a dust explosion hazard. As a first step an industrial plant is divided into groups of modules, defined by their size, shape, and constructional properties. Then the relevant explosion scenarios are determined, together with...

A review of explosion prevention and protection systems suitable as ultimate layer of protection in chemical process installations

Ideally, explosion risk is identified and prevented at an early stage of process design, forming a key part of the inherently safer design (ISD) approach. However, in practice, explosion risk often cannot be eliminated completely. Reliable preventive and protective systems must therefore be applied, as part of the now widely applied barrier or...

Metallic witness packs for behind-armour debris characterization

For the experimental characterization of behind-armour debris so-called metallic witness packs can be used. A metallic witness pack consists of an array of metallic plates interspaced by polystyrene foam sheets. To quantify the fragment mass and velocity from the corresponding hole area and position in the individual witness plates, perforation...