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Schutte, K. (author), Prinsen, M.K. (author), McNamee, P.M. (author), Roggeband, R. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Eye irritation is an important endpoint in the safety evaluation of consumer products and their ingredients. Several in vitro methods have been developed and are used by different industry sectors to assess eye irritation. One such in vitro method in use for some time already is the isolated chicken eye test (ICE). This investigation focuses on...article 2009
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Zoeteweij, M.L. (author), van der Donck, J.C.J. (author), Versluis, R. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)In many industrial processes, particle contamination is becoming a major issue. Particle detachment from surfaces can be detrimental, e.g., during lithographic processing. During cleaning, however, detachment of particles is aimed for. However, until recently, only little was known on the mechanism of particle detachment due to flowing gasses....article 2009
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Wang, D.Y. (author), Yao, S. (author), Shost, M. (author), Yoo, J.H. (author), Cabush, D. (author), Racine, D. (author), Cloudt, R.P.M. (author), Willems, F.P.T. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is the dominant solution for meeting future NOx reduction regulations for heavy-duty diesel powertrains. SCR systems benefit from closed-loop control if an appropriate exhaust gas sensor were available. An ammonia sensor has recently been developed for use as a feedback element in closed-loop control of urea...article 2009
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Klunder, G.A. (author), Wilmink, I.R. (author), TNO Bouw (author)This paper investigates the possibility to decide when to apply a (dynamic) traffic management measure to improve the air quality or reduce CO2 emissions, based on a limited set of (measured) data. It is expected that a combination of monitoring and modeling is needed for reliable air quality estimations. Improvements in traffic and emission...conference paper 2009
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Seykens, X.L.J. (author), Baert, R.S.G. (author), Somers, L.M.T. (author), Willems, F.P.T. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)A computationally efficient engine model is developed based on an extended NO emission model and state-of-the-art soot model. The model predicts exhaust NO and soot emission for both conventional and advanced, high-EGR (up to 50%), heavy-duty DI diesel combustion. Modeling activities have aimed at limiting the computational effort while...article 2009
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Jonkers, E. (author), Schrijver, J.M. (author), Muller, M. (author), TNO Bouw (author)Automobilisten schatte n dat 44o/o van de files door incidenten met vrachtauto's wordt veroorzaakt. In het AOS project is onderzocht of dit werkelijk zo is. Is iets doen wel nodig? In het kader van het Rijkswaterstaat-programma FileProof is door Connekt een pilot georganiseerd in opdracht van het ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat. In deze...conference paper 2009
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Boot, M.D. (author), Luijten, C.C.M. (author), Somers, L.M.T. (author), Eguz, U. (author), van Erp, D.D.T.M. (author), Albrecht, A. (author), Baert, R.S.G. (author)Collision of injected fuel spray against the cylinder liner (wall-wetting) is one of the main hurdles that must be overcome in order for early direct injection Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (EDI PCCI) combustion to become a viable alternative for conventional DI diesel combustion. Preferably, the prevention of wall-wetting should be...conference paper 2009
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TNO Industrie en Techniek (author), van Schijndel-de Nooij, M. (author), Versmissen, A.C.M. (author), Corbeij, R.M. (author), van den Broek, T.H.A. (author)In many EU countries, and especially in major cities like Berlin, Paris, London and Barcelona, the number of cyclists in daily traffic is strongly increasing. The related strong increase in the number of serious injuries and fatalities amongst cyclists is only now starting to gain the attention it deserves. In the Netherlands, where biking is a...conference paper 2009
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TNO Industrie en Techniek (author), van Schijndel-de Nooij, M. (author), de Ruiter, A.W.W. (author), Jansen, S.T.H. (author)As accidents with trucks have a large influence on traffic flow, a large pilot on the effect of driver assistance systems was kicked off in July 2008 in the Netherlands. The primary goals of the pilot are to assess the potential for improving safety and maintaining traffic flow. The potential contribution of driver assistance systems to these...conference paper 2009
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TNO Industrie en Techniek (author), van Schijndel-de Nooij, M. (author)As accidents with trucks have a large influence on traffic flow, a large pilot on the effect of driver assistance systems was kicked off in July 2008 in the Netherlands. The primary goals of the pilot are to assess the potential for improving safety and maintaining traffic flow. The potential contribution of driver assistance systems to these...public lecture 2009
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van Schijndel-de Nooij, M. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)Secondary (or passive) safety constitutes one of the most important strategies to reduce the traffic trauma problem. The European R&D needs in this field are partially dealt with in a large European co-operative R&D project called APROSYS (Advanced Protection Systems) supported by the European Commission. The general objective of APROSYS is the...conference paper 2008
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- TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author), Quak, H.J. (author) article 2008
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Loftness, V. (author), Hakkinen, B. (author), Adan, O. (author), Nevalainen, A. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)Background: The elements that contribute to a healthy building are multifactorial and can be discussed from different perspectives. Objectives: We present three viewpoints of designing a healthy building: the importance of sustainable development, the role of occupants for ensuring indoor air quality, and ongoing developments related to indoor...article 2007
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de Coensel, B. (author), Vanhove, F. (author), Logghe, S. (author), Wilmink, I. (author), Botteldooren, D. (author), TNO Bouw (author)One of the goals of the European IMAGINE project, is to formulate strategies to improve traffic modelling for application in noise mapping. It is well known that the specific deceleration and acceleration dynamics of traffic at junctions can influence local noise emission. However, macroscopic traffic models do not always model intersections,...conference paper 2006
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Hoozemans, M.J.M. (author), de Looze, M.P. (author), Kingma, I. (author), Reijneveld, K.C.N. (author), de Korte, E.M. (author), van der Grinten, M.P. (author), van Dieën, J.H. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)The objective of the present study was to compare energetic workload, perceived exertion, perceived discomfort, safety, and mechanical load at lower limb joints among window cleaners during usage of extension ladders with 30 and 35 cm rung separation. Eleven healthy male professional window cleaners of short and tall stature participated in this...article 2005
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Meijster, T. (author), Burstyn, I. (author), van Wendel de Joode, B. (author), Posthumus, M.A. (author), Kromhout, H. (author), TNO Voeding (author)The goal of this study was to monitor emission of chemicals at a factory where plastics products were fabricated by a new robotic (impregnated tape winding) production process. Stationary and personal air measurements were taken to determine which chemicals were released and at what concentrations. Principal component analyses (PCA) and linear...article 2004
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Rudolph, P. (author), Ligterink, F.J. (author), Pedersoli Jr., J.L. (author), Scholten, H. (author), Schipper, D. (author), Havermans, J.B.G.A. (author), Aziz, H.A. (author), Quillet, V. (author), Kraan, M. (author), van Beek, B. (author), Corr, S. (author), Hua-Ströfer, H.Y. (author), Stokmans, J. (author), van Dalen, P. (author), Kautek, W. (author)Cleaning of paper objects represents one of the most complex cases of laser ablation, since low volumes of dispersed material phases are evaporated while a sensitive and fragile fibrous organic matrix has to be preserved. Conventional chemical and mechanical cleaning methods suffer from the common phenomenon that the foreign matter is diluted...article 2004
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Duisterwinkel, A.E. (author), Bastein, A.T.G.M. (author), van Schaik, W. (author), TNO Industrie (author)In DUV lithography, hydrocarbon contaminants on surfaces cause transmission loss. During illumination of the reticle, heavy hydrocarbons will be slowly removed, causing transmission instability. Therefore, the reticles need to be cleaned before use. ASML has commissioned us to perform a feasibility study into reticle cleaning and storage. The...conference paper 2003
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TNO Bouw (author), Nijland, T.G. (author), Wijffels, T.J. (author)Decisions about the cleaning of natural stone should always be made within the awareness of direct and indirect damage that may be the result of cleaning. During the last decade, laser cleaning of objects and monuments of natural stone has become increasingly popular. Whereas a considerable amount of literature has been devoted to the effect of...article 2003
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Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland (author), van Rooijen, S.N.M. (author), Martens, J.W. (author), Wijnants, H.J. (author), Bovée, V. (author)According to the Marrakesh Accords, small-scale project activities underCDM can use standardised baselines and simplified procedures to kick start their development (UNFCCC, 2001). The Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment is developing a Dutch CDM programme. This programme can support small-scale project...report 2001