Reach and the obligations of the chemical industry

Endotoxin: From database to measurement strategy

Endotoxin is a well-known toxin which has been associated with several health effects. Many factors influence airborne endotoxin exposure and can cause high variability in exposure between and within workers. Additionally, since the source of endotoxin exposure - gram-negative bacteria - grow and amplify, exposure variability is thought to be...

Application of the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) to the safety evaluation of cosmetic ingredients

The threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) has been used for the safety assessment of packaging migrants and flavouring agents that occur in food. The approach compares the estimated oral intake with a TTC value derived from chronic oral toxicity data for structurally-related compounds. Application of the TTC approach to cosmetic ingredients...

Quantitative self-assessment of exposure to solvents among shoe repair men

Endotoxin exposure and atopic sensitization in adult pig farmers

Background: Recent studies have reported a low prevalence of atopic sensitization and respiratory allergy in children growing up on farms. Objectives: We sought to evaluate the dose-response relationship between endotoxin and atopic sensitization in adult farmers and to assess the effect on respiratory health outcomes. Methods: Data on endotoxin...

Skin irritation and corrosion

Reliability of a semi-quantitative method for dermal exposure assessment (DREAM)

Valid and reliable semi-quantitative dermal exposure assessment methods for epidemiological research and for occupational hygiene practice, applicable for different chemical agents, are practically nonexistent. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of a recently developed semi-quantitative dermal exposure assessment method (DREAM)...

Measurement of methylene chloride (multiple letters)

Effects of single and repeated exposure to biocidal active substances on the barrier function of the skin in vitro

The dermal route of exposure is important in worker exposure to biocidal products. Many biocidal active substances which are used on a daily basis may decrease the barrier function of the skin to a larger extent than current risk assessment practice addresses, due to possible skin effects of repeated exposure. The influence of repeated and...

Isocyanate exposure and respiratory symptoms in Dutch car spray painters

Isocyanate allergy and asthma is an important respiratory disease in most industrialized countries. Little information about its importance is available for the Netherlands. A baseline survey, part of a larger longitudinal epidemiological survey, shows that exposure to mainly HDI monomers and oligomers is present. The respiratory symptoms...

Dermal Exposure to Chemicals

Chemicals / CAS: 4,4' methylenedianiline, 101-77-9; Hazardous Substances.

Extrapolation for exposure duration in oral toxicity: A quantitative analysis of historical toxicity data

For human risk assessment, experimental data often have to be extrapolated for exposure duration, which is generally done by means of default values. The purpose of the present study was twofold. First, to derive a statistical distribution for differences in exposure duration that can be used in a probabilistic concept for combining assessment...

Dermal Exposure during Filling, Loading and Brushing with Products Containing 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol

Introduction: Limited quantitative information is available on dermal exposure to chemicals during various industrial activities. Therefore, within the scope of the EU-funded RISKOFDERM project, potential dermal exposure was measured during three different tasks: filling, loading and brushing. DEGBE (2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol) was used as a ...

Gloves and dermal exposure to chemicals: Proposals for evaluating workplace effectiveness

There are standardized laboratory tests for chemical protective gloves that provide estimates of breakthrough time and steady-state permeation flux. However, there is evidence to suggest that these tests may not be completely relevant to glove usage in the workplace. There is no consensus about how glove workplace effectiveness should be...

Evaluating exposures to complex mixtures of chemicals during a new production process in the plastics industry

The goal of this study was to monitor emission of chemicals at a factory where plastics products were fabricated by a new robotic (impregnated tape winding) production process. Stationary and personal air measurements were taken to determine which chemicals were released and at what concentrations. Principal component analyses (PCA) and linear...

Effectiveness of personal protective equipment: Relevance of dermal and inhalation exposure to chlorpyrifos among pest control operators

This study assessed the effectiveness of a custom fit personal protective equipment (PPE) program aimed at reducing occupational exposure to pesticides. The intervention study was carried out on 15 pest control operators (PCOs) during mixing/loading and application of chlorpyrifos. Each worker was measured twice; first while the worker used PPE...

Invited editorial: Dermal exposure to chemicals

Exposure to combinations of substances: A system for assessing health risks

Combined exposures may be categorised as specified combinations or mixtures of substances, depending on composition and exposure scenario. The major characteristic of a specified combination is known composition and that of a mixture simultaneous exposure. A framework was developed as a guide for safety evaluation of combined exposures. This...