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Boor, V. (author), Frijns, J.E.B.M. (author), Perez-Gallent, E. (author), Giling, E. (author), Laitinen, A.T. (author), Goetheer, E.L.V. (author), van den Broeke, L.J.P. (author), Kortlever, R. (author), de Jong, W. (author), Moultos, O.A. (author), Vlugt, T.J.H. (author), Ramdin, M. (author)We performed H-cell and flow cell experiments to study the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to oxalic acid (OA) on a lead (Pb) cathode in various nonaqueous solvents. The effects of anolyte, catholyte, supporting electrolyte, temperature, water content, and cathode potential on the Faraday efficiency (FE), current density (CD), and product...article 2022
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Bisselink, R.J.M. (author), Crockatt, M. (author), Zijlstra, M. (author), Bakker, I.J. (author), Goetheer, E.L.V. (author), Slaghek, T.M. (author), van Es, D.S. (author)The electrochemical production of valeric acid from the renewable bio-based feedstock levulinic acid has the potential to replace the oxo-process, which uses fossil-based feedstock 1-butylene. The electrochemical reduction of the ketone functionality in levulinic acid using lead or mercury cathodes has already been known for over 100 years....article 2019
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Souza, L.M.S. (author), Polder, R.B. (author), Copuroglu, O. (author)The currently available treatment techniques for concrete structures affected by alkali-silica reaction (ASR) are limited and electrochemical lithium migration has been proposed as an alternative. Lithium compounds have shown to have beneficial effects on ASR expansion when used as admixtures to fresh concrete. During the electrochemical...article 2017
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van den Hondel, H. (author), Klamer, E.L. (author), Gulikers, J. (author), Polder, R.B. (author)Die oberste niederländische Straßen- und Wasserbaubehörde (Rijkswaterstaat) hat im Hinblick auf die langfristige Instandhaltung ihrer Infrastruktureinrichtungen über 1500 Endverankerungsbereiche von Spannbetonbrückenträgern instandgesetzt und einer kathodischen Korrosionsschutzbehandlung (KKS) unterzogen. Die Endbereiche wiesen mäßige bis starke...article 2015
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Michels, J.J. (author), Peter, M. (author), Salem, A. (author), van Remoortere, B. (author), van den Brand, J. (author)This paper presents a thorough experimental and theoretical analysis of a model system for the mechanism of cathode degradation in OLED and OPV devices due to lateral side ingress of water vapour into laminated thin film barrier structures. The experimental procedure allows for full quantitative control over layer dimensions of the laminate, as...article 2014
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Pacheco, J. (author), Polder, R.B. (author), Fraaij, A.L.A. (author), Mol, J.M.C. (author)Cathodic Protection (CP) of steel in concrete has been used over the past decades in order to increase the remaining service life of concrete infrastructure. CP involves the application of an electrical current to the corroding reinforcing bars, thus stopping and preventing further corrosion. The application of current on the reinforcing steel...conference paper 2012
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Polder, R.B. (author), Worm, D. (author), Courage, W. (author), Leegwater, G. (author)Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete structures causes concrete cracking and steel diameter reduction, eventually resulting in loss of safety. Conventional repair means heavy, labour intensive and costly work and the required quality level is under economic pressure. Consequently, conventional repair is short lived in many cases. An...conference paper 2012
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Kuik, M. (author), Koster, L.J.A. (author), Dijkstra, A.G. (author), Wetzelaer, G.A.H. (author), Blom, P.W.M. (author)We present a quantitative analysis of the loss of electroluminescence in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)- p-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) due to the combination of non-radiative trap-assisted recombination and exciton quenching at the metallic cathode. It is demonstrated that for an MEH-PPV LED the...article 2012
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Polder, R.B. (author), Peelen, W.H.A. (author), Neeft, E.A.C. (author), Stoop, B.T.J. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)Over the last 25 years, cathodic protection (CP) of reinforced concrete structures suffering from chloride induced reinforcement corrosion has shown to be successful and durable. CP current causes steel polarisation, electrochemical reactions and ion transport in the concrete. CP systems are designed based on experience, which results in...article 2010
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Koster, T. (author), Peelen, W. (author), Larbi, J. (author), de Rooij, M. (author), Polder, R. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)A mathematical model is being developed to describe a repair method in concrete, called cathodic protection (CP). The model is in principle also useful to describe electrodeposition in concrete, e.g. the process of re-precipitation of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> invoked by an electrical current. In CP, the current is sent from an external anode to the...article 2010
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Polder, R.B. (author), Leggedoor, J. (author), Schuten, G. (author), Sajna, S. (author), Kranjc, A. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)Cathodic protection delivers corrosion protection in concrete structures exposed to aggressive environments, e.g. in de-icing salt and marine climates. Working lives of a large number of CP systems are at least more than 13 years and probably more than 25 years, provided a minimum level of maintenance is applied. This involves routine checks of...conference paper 2010
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Lodhi, Z.F. (author), Mol, J.M.C. (author), Hovestad, A. (author), Terryn, H. (author), de Wit, J.H.W. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)The electrodeposition operating conditions for Zn-Co and Zn-Co-Fe alloys from chloride baths were studied. The electrodeposition was performed on a high strength steel substrate, under galvanostatic conditions, for a range of current densities at varying Co2+ and Fe2+ bath concentrations and at different temperatures. A transition current...article 2007
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Martínez, I. (author), Andrade, C. (author), Vennesland, O. (author), Evensen, U. (author), Polder, R.B. (author), Leggedor, J. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)It is well known that cathodic protection is the most useful method for stopping corrosion when the deterioration process has started, but the most important issue that is still missing in the cathodic protection studies is how to check its efficiency in a reliable way. This paper presents results of the protection efficiency obtained in...article 2007
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Nijkerk, M.D. (author), Kruit, P. (author)Computations of space charge limited currents from thermionic emitters often rely on simple one-dimensional analytical models. The geometric limitations of these models are circumvented by applying the models locally over the emitter surface. The validity of the analytical models is compromised by the presence of surface roughness that...article 2004
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Peelen, W.H.A. (author), Polder, R.B. (author), TNO Bouw (author)The new Dutch railway line the 'Betuweroute' crosses the main gas pipeline system of the 'Gasunie', the main Dutch gas distributor, at 7 locations. To ensure a safe operation of both the railway line and the pipeline system, it is essential to guarantee the mechanical stability of the gas pipes in the soft soil; therefore at several locations...conference paper 2004
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Nijkerk, M.D. (author), Kruit, P. (author)A Monte Carlo simulation tool, which was used to evaluate the influence of discrete space charge effects on self-consistent calculations of cathode-ray tube optics, was discussed. It was found that interactions in the space charge cloud affect the electron trajectories such that the velocity distribution is Maxwellian, regardless of the current...article 2004
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Schuten, G. (author), Leggedoor, J. (author), Polder, R.B. (author), TNO Bouw (author)Corrosion of reinforcement in precast concrete ground floor elements containing mixed in chloride can cause considerable damage. This is a major problem in the Netherlands concerning a large number of privately owned houses. Conventional concrete repair is not acceptable because it does not provide sufficient durable safety. Cathodic protection...conference paper 1999
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Polder, R.B. (author), Bakker, J.D. (author), Postema, F.J. (author), TNO Bouw (author)As a case study, the cost of applying cathodic protection (CP) to the columns and beams supporting two bridges was compared to the cost of replacement (due to reinforcement corrosion). All costs during the service life of the CP system were considered: initial cost, annual checks, maintenance of anode systems and specialist supervision. It was...conference paper 1998
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Polder, R.B. (author), Nerland, O.C. (author), TNO Bouw (author)An experimental study of cathodic protection (CP) was carried out with a conductive primer anode applied to specimens from a concrete bridge. The bridge was demolished after 30 years of service due to severe delaminations and reinforcement corrosion. Four specimens of approximately 1 m2 each were made and characterised by steel potential,...conference paper 1998
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TNO Bouw (author), Polder, R.B. (author)Cathodic protection (CP) of reinforcing steel in concrete structures has been used successfully for over 20 years. CP is able to stop corrosion in a reliable and economical way where chloride contamination has caused reinforcement corrosion and subsequent concrete damage. To new structures where corrosion is anticipated, cathodic prevention can...article 1998
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