In-situ X-ray diffraction annealing study of electroplated and sputtered Cu-In-Ga precursors for application to sequential Cu(In,Ga)Se2 processes

We study by in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) in a unique, custom-made furnace mimicking an industrial setup, the effect of pre-annealing on electroplated and sputtered thin films of Cu-In-Ga, as precursor material for Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS)-based solar cells. In the first part of the paper, the properties of the as-deposited precursors are...

An effective method for paleo-temperature correction of 3D thermal models: A demonstration based on high resolution datasets in the Netherlands

We present a new method to incorporate paleo-surface temperature effects in steady state 3D conductive temperature models. The workflow approximates the transient effects and incorporates these into steady state models, using appropriate source and sink terms for radiogenic heat production. This allows for rapid models, which can be easily used...

Using ultrasonic anemometers for temperature measurements and implications on Cn2

Atmospheric pressure plasma enhanced spatial ALD of ZrO2 for low-temperature, large-area applications

High permittivity (high-k) materials have received considerable attention as alternatives to SiO2 for CMOS and low-power flexible electronics applications. In this study, we have grown high-quality ZrO2 by using atmospheric-pressure plasma-enhanced spatial ALD (PE-sALD), which, compared to temporal ALD, offers higher effective deposition rates...

Vertical atmospheric variability measured above water during the FESTER experiment: First results

The First European South African Experiment (FESTER) was conducted over about a 10 month period at the Institute of Maritime Technology (IMT) in False Bay, South Africa. One of the important goals was to validate atmospheric refraction and turbulence models. To achieve this goal it was required to measure the vertical profile of meteorological...

The influence of meteorological parameters on dynamic infrared signatures

Most models that predict the infrared signature of an object are based on steady-state equilibrium conditions and do not model the dynamic nature of the real world. To gain more understanding of the dynamic infrared signatures of an object, several outdoor experiments were performed, using a CUBI and a small vessel as an object. Dynamic changes...

Path homogeneity along a horizontal line-of-sight path during the FESTER experiment: First results

The First European South African Experiment (FESTER) was conducted over about a 10 month period at the Institute of Maritime Technology (IMT) in False Bay, South Africa. One of the important goals was the establishment of the air-sea temperature difference (ASTD) homogeneity along the main propagation link atmospheric path since it is a basic...

Modelling piloted ignition of wood and plastics

To gain insight in the startup of an incinerator, this article deals with piloted ignition. A newly developed model is described to predict the piloted ignition times of wood, PMMA and PVC. The model is based on the lower flammability limit and the adiabatic flame temperature at this limit. The incoming radiative heat flux, sample thickness and...

Melt and collapse of buried water ice: An alternative hypothesis for the formation of chaotic terrains on Mars

Chaotic terrains and the associated massive outflow channels are some of the most enigmatic features on Mars. Over hundreds of kilometres of rock units are fractured, tilted, and have subsided, forming chaotic terrain basins (Sharp, 1973). Large quantities of water emanated from these chaotic terrains in short periods of time in the Hesperian...

Strong climate coupling of terrestrial and marine environments in the Miocene of northwest Europe

A palynological and organic geochemical record from a shallow marine paleoenvironmental setting in SE Netherlands documents the coupled marine and terrestrial climate evolution from the late Burdigalian (∼ 17 Ma) through the early Zanclean (∼ 4.5 Ma). Proxy climate records show several coeval variations in both relative sea surface (deduced from...

A European daily high-resolution gridded data set of surface temperature and precipitation for 1950-2006

We present a European land-only daily high-resolution gridded data set for precipitation and minimum, maximum, and mean surface temperature for the period 1950-2006. This data set improves on previous products in its spatial resolution and extent, time period, number of contributing stations, and attention to finding the most appropriate method...

AMARSI: Aerosol modeling and retrieval from multi-spectral imagers

The AMARSI project aims at the development and validation of aerosol retrieval algorithms over ocean. One algorithm will be developed for application with data from the Multi Spectral Imager (MSI) on EarthCARE. A second algorithm will be developed using the combined information from AATSR and MERIS, for application to similar instruments on...

Surfactants and submicron sea spray generation

Laboratory experiments have been carried out to elucidate the role of surfactants on the primary marine aerosol production of submicron marine aerosols. A synthetic surfactant SDS was used in conjunction with artificially generated seawater, and the resultant bubble-mediated aerosol produced was observed. At 23°C, the aerosol distribution...

Effect of season and meteorological conditions on community noise annoyance

More than 80 000 residents' responses to transportation noise from 42 studies conducted at different times of year provide statistical estimates of the effects of season and meteorological conditions on community response to noise. The strongest evidence for a seasonal effect comes from 7 years of continuous daily interviewing of nationally...

The effects of wind and human movement on the heat and vapour transfer properties of clothing

This paper integrates the research presented in the papers in this special issue of Holmer et al. and Havenith et al. [Holmer, I., Nilsson, H., Havenith, G., Parsons, K. C. (1999) Clothing convective heat exchange: proposal for improved prediction in standards and models. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, in press; Havenith, G., Holmer, I., den...