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Smeets, P.A.M. (author), de Graaf, C. (author), Stafleu, A. (author), van Osch, M.J.P. (author), van der Grond, J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Background: Evidence exists that beverages do not trigger appropriate anticipatory physiologic responses, such as cephalic phase insulin release. Therefore, it is of interest to elucidate the food properties necessary for triggering adaptive responses. Previously, we found a prolonged dose-dependent decrease in the hypothalamic functional...article 2005
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Feron, V.J. (author), van Vliet, P.W. (author), Notten, W.R.F. (author), TNO Voeding (author)Combined exposures may be categorised as specified combinations or mixtures of substances, depending on composition and exposure scenario. The major characteristic of a specified combination is known composition and that of a mixture simultaneous exposure. A framework was developed as a guide for safety evaluation of combined exposures. This...article 2004
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Vermunt, S.H.F. (author), Pasman, W.J. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author), Kardinaal, A.F.M. (author), TNO Voeding (author)Weight reduction programmes are mainly focused on reducing intake of fat and sugar. In this review we have evaluated whether the replacement of dietary (added) sugar by low-energy sweeteners or complex carbohydrates contributes to weight reduction. In two experimental studies, no short-term differences in weight loss were observed after use of...article 2003
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Groten, J.P. (author), Butler, W. (author), Feron, V.J. (author), Kozianowski, G. (author), Renwick, A.G. (author), Walker, R. (author)The possibility that structurally unrelated food additives could show either joint actions or interactions has been assessed based on their potential to share common sites and mechanisms of action or common pathways of elimination. All food additives approved in the European Union and allocated numerical acceptable daily intake values were...article 2000
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Walton, K. (author), Walker, R. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), Castell, J.V. (author), Knapp, A.G.A.A. (author), Kozianowski, G. (author), Roberfroid, M. (author), Schilter, B. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO TNO Voeding (author)The acceptable daily intake (ADI) for food additives is commonly derived from the NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level) in long-term animal in vivo studies. To derive an ADI a safety or uncertainty factor (commonly 100) is applied to the NOAEL in the most sensitive test species. The 100-fold safety factor is considered to be the product of...article 1999
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Huggett, A. (author), Petersen, B.J. (author), Walker, R. (author), Fisher, C.E. (author), Notermans, S.H.W. (author), Rombouts, F.M. (author), Abbott, P. (author), Debackere, M. (author), Hathaway, S.C. (author), Hecker, E.F.F. (author), Knaap, A.G.A. (author), Kuznesof, P.M. (author), Meyland, I. (author), Moy, G. (author), Narbonne, J.-F. (author), Paakkanen, J. (author), Smith, M.R. (author), Tennant, D. (author), Wagstaffe, P. (author), Wargo, J. (author), Würtzen, G. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)Internationally acceptable norms need to incorporate sound science and consistent risk management principles in an open and transparent manner, as set out in the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement). The process of risk analysis provides a procedure to reach these goals. The interaction between...article 1998
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Schifferstein, H.N.J. (author), Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO (author)The Equiratio Mixture Model predicts the psychophysical function for an equiratio mixture type on the basis of the psychophysical functions for the unmixed components. The model reliably estimates the sweetness of mixtures of sugars and sugar-alchohols, but is unable to predict intensity for aspartame/sucrose mixtures. In this paper, the...article 1996