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Smit, R. (author), Poelman, M. (author), Schrijver, J. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)Does consideration of average speed distributions on roads-as compared to single mean speed-lead to different results in emission modelling of large road networks? To address this question, a post-processing method is developed to predict mean speed distributions using available traffic data from a dynamic macroscopic traffic model (Indy) that...article 2008
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Kusmierczyk-Michulec, J. (author), van Eijk, A.M.J. (author), Moerman, M.M. (author), Cohen, L.H. (author), de Jong, A.N. (author), Fritz, P. (author), TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author)Atmospheric aerosol particles affect the Earth's radiative balance both in the cloud-free and the cloudy atmosphere. The direct effect of aerosols is related with scattering and absorption of solar radiation, and as a consequence, reduction of the amount of radiation reaching the surface. The best parameter that quantifies this effect is the...conference paper 2008
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Arts, J.H.E. (author), Muijser, H. (author), Kuper, C.F. (author), Woutersen, R.A. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)The paper aims to evaluate the indoor air limit of 1 μg/m3 (0.8 ppb) formaldehyde as advised by the European Commission [the INDEX project; Kotzias, D., Koistinen, K., Kephalopoulos, S., Schlitt, C., Carrer, P., Maroni, M., Jantunen, M., Cochet, C., Kirchner, S., Lindvall, T., McLaughlin, J., Mølhave, L., de Oliveira Fernandes, E., Seifert, B.,...article 2008
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Apituley, A. (author), Schaap, M. (author), Koelemeijer, R. (author), Timmermans, R. (author), Schoemaker, R.M. (author), de Leeuw, G. (author), TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author)To acquire daily estimates of PM2.5 distributions based on satellite data one depends critically on a well established relation between AOD and ground level PM2.5. In this study we aimed to experimentally establish the AOD-PM2.5 relationship for the Netherlands. For that purpose an experiment was set-up at the AERONET site Cabauw. The average...conference paper 2008
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Theloke, J. (author), Builtjes, P. (author), Stern, R. (author), Appelhans, J. (author), Dämmgen, U. (author), Friedrich, R. (author), Geftler, T. (author), Haenel, D. (author), Handke, V. (author), Jörß, W. (author), van der Gon, H.D. (author), Kummer, U. (author), Köble, R. (author), Thiruchittampalam, B. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)According to projected and modelled ambient air concentrations, large scale exceedances of PM10 limit values in Germany will continue despite implementation of current national and international legislation. Identification of the causes of these (current and projected) exceedances is crucial to develop successful mitigation options. Furthermore,...article 2008
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TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author), Prenafeta-Boldú, F.X. (author), Illa, J. (author), van Groenestijn, J.W. (author), Flotats, X. (author)The biodegradation of toluene was studied in two lab-scale air biofilters operated in parallel, packed respectively with perlite granules (PEG) and polyurethane foam cubes (PUC) and inoculated with the same toluene-degrading fungus. Differences on the material pore size, from micrometres in PEG to millimetres in PUC, were responsible for...article 2008
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Tielemans, E. (author), Bretveld, R. (author), Schinkel, J. (author), de Wendel van - Joode, B. (author), Kromhout, H. (author), Gerritsen-Ebben, R. (author), Roeleveld, N. (author), Preller, L. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)The aim of this study was to assess exposure to pesticides for a longitudinal epidemiological study on adverse reproduction effects among greenhouse workers. Detailed information on pesticide use among greenhouse workers was obtained on a monthly basis through self-administered questionnaires and subsequent workplace surveys. Questionnaires were...article 2007
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Loftness, V. (author), Hakkinen, B. (author), Adan, O. (author), Nevalainen, A. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)Background: The elements that contribute to a healthy building are multifactorial and can be discussed from different perspectives. Objectives: We present three viewpoints of designing a healthy building: the importance of sustainable development, the role of occupants for ensuring indoor air quality, and ongoing developments related to indoor...article 2007
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Links, I. (author), Jagt, K.E.V.D. (author), Christopher, Y. (author), Lurvink, M. (author), Schinkel, J. (author), Tielemans, E. (author), Hemmen, J.J.V. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Exposure data on biocides are relatively rare in published literature, especially for secondary exposure. This is also the case for antifouling exposure. Therefore, a field study was carried out measuring exposure to antifouling paints. Both primary exposure (rolling and spraying) and secondary exposure (during sand blasting) were studied....article 2007
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Hulskotte, J.H.J. (author), van der Gon, H.A.C.D. (author), Visschedijk, A.J.H. (author), Schaap, M. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)In this article we show that brake wear from road traffic vehicles is an important source of atmospheric (participate) copper concentrations in Europe. Consequently, brake wear also contributes significantly to deposition fluxes of copper to surface waters. We estimated the copper emission due to brake wear to be 2.4 kiloton per year. For...conference paper 2007
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Denier van der Gon, H.A.C. (author), Hulskotte, J.H.J. (author), Visschedijk, A.J.H. (author), Schaap, M. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)Comparisons of measured and model-predicted atmospheric copper concentrations show a severe underestimation of the observed concentrations by the models. This underestimation may be (partly) due to underestimated emissions of copper to air. Since the phase out of asbestos brake lining material, the composition of brake lining material has...article 2007
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Staal, Y.C.M. (author), Hebels, D.G.A.J. (author), van Herwijnen, M.H.M. (author), Gottschalk, R.W.H. (author), van Schooten, F.J. (author), van Delft, J.H.M. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) cover a wide range of structurally related compounds which differ greatly in their carcinogenic potency. PAH exposure usually occurs through mixtures rather than individual compounds. Therefore, we assessed whether the effects of binary PAH mixtures on gene expression, DNA adduct formation, apoptosis and...article 2007
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Smit, R. (author), Smokers, R.T.M. (author), Rabé, E.L.M. (author)The objective of VERSIT+ LD is to predict traffic stream emissions for light-duty vehicles in any particular traffic situation. With respect to hot running emissions, VERSIT+ LD consists of a set of statistical models for detailed vehicle categories that have been constructed using multiple linear regression analysis. The aim is to find...article 2007
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Pronk, A. (author), Preller, L. (author), Raulf-Heimsoth, M. (author), Jonkers, I.C.L. (author), Lammers, J.-W. (author), Wouters, I.M. (author), Doekes, G. (author), Wisnewski, A.V. (author), Heederik, D. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Rationale: Associations between oligomeric isocyanate exposure, sensitization, and respiratory disease have received little attention, despite the extensive use of isocyanate oligomers. Objectives: To investigate exposure-response relationships of respiratory symptoms and sensitization in a large population occupationally exposed to isocyanate...article 2007
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Vautard, R. (author), Builtjes, P.H.J. (author), Thunis, P. (author), Cuvelier, C. (author), Bedogni, M. (author), Bessagnet, B. (author), Honoré, C. (author), Moussiopoulos, N. (author), Pirovano, G. (author), Schaap, M. (author), Stern, R. (author), Tarrason, L. (author), Wind, P. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)The CityDelta project Cuvelier et al. [2006. CityDelta: a model intercomparison study to explore the impact of emission reductions in European cities in 2010. Atmospheric Environment] is designed to evaluate the air quality response of several emission abatement scenarios for 2010 at the scale of the European continent, and specifically in the...article 2007
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Adan, O.C.G. (author), Ng-A-Tham, J. (author), Hanke, W. (author), Sigsgaard, T. (author), van den Hazel, P. (author), Wu, F. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond TNO Defensie en Veiligheid (author)Increasingly, policymakers in Europe and around the world are realizing the importance of healthy indoor environments for public health. Certain member states of the European Union (EU) have already achieved successes in improving indoor environmental quality, such as controlling certain contaminants (e.g., environmental tobacco smoke) or...article 2007
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TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author), Spaan, S. (author), Heederik, D.J.J. (author), Thorne, P.S. (author), Wouters, I.M. (author)Endotoxin exposure occurs in homes and occupational environments and is known to cause adverse health effects. In order to compare results from different studies and establish standards, airborne endotoxin exposures should be assessed using standardized methods. Although the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) developed guidelines for...article 2007
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TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author), Hertsenberg, S. (author), Brouwer, D. (author), Lurvink, M. (author), Rubingh, C. (author), Rijnders, E. (author), Tielemans, E. (author)Self-assessment of exposure (SAE) refers to any exposure assessment methodology wherein the worker takes an active role in establishing his or her exposure status. The objective of this study was to investigate the reliability and feasibility of SAE approaches among shoe repair workers collecting exposure data over a 3 month period. This study...article 2007
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Crone, M.R. (author), Verlaan, M. (author), Willemsen, M.C. (author), van Soelen, P. (author), Reijneveld, S.A. (author), Sing, R.A.H. (author), Paulussen, T.G.W.M. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)This study assessed the antecedents of continued use of an education program to prevent passive smoking in infants. It consists of a booklet for parents and a manual for health professionals describing a five-step procedure for discussing passive smoking. Aquestionnairewas sent to 67 managers, 670 nurses, and 335 physiciansworking in well-baby...article 2006
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Pulles, M.P.J. (author), Kok, H. (author), Quass, U. (author), TNO Bouw en Ondergrond (author)This study uses an improved emission inventory model to assess the uncertainties in emissions of dioxins and furans associated with both knowledge on the exact technologies and processes used, and with the uncertainties of both activity data and emission factors. The annual total emissions for the year 2000 in 13 countries in central and eastern...article 2006