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de Bruin-Hoegée, J.M. (author), Lamriti, L. (author), Langenberg, J.P. (author), Olivier, R.C.M. (author), Chau, L.F. (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author), Noort, D. (author), van Asten, A.C. (author)The continuing threats of military conflicts and terrorism may involve the misuse of chemical weapons. The present study aims to use environmental samples to find evidence of the release of such agents at an incident scene. A novel approach was developed for identifying protein adducts in plants. Basil (Ocimum basilicum), bay laurel leaf (Laurus...article 2023
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Noort, D. (author), Fidder, A. (author), van der Riet-van Oeveren, D. (author), Busker, R.W. (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author)Novichok (NV) nerve agents were recently added to the list of Schedule 1 chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention. There is a well-accepted method for assessment of nerve agent exposure based on mass spectrometric analysis of a nonapeptide with the serine-198 residue modified by the nerve agent, but this approach has not yet been reported...article 2021
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Hemme, M. (author), Fidder, A. (author), van der Riet-van Oeveren, D. (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author), Noort, D. (author)The primary aim of this study was to identify biomarkers of exposure to some so-called Schedule 1 sulfur mustard (HD) analogues, in order to facilitate and expedite their retrospective analysis in case of alleged use of such compounds. Since these HD analogues can be regarded as model compounds for possible impurities of HD formed during...article 2021
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van der Schans, M.J. (author)Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are the most toxic compounds that have ever been produced. In order to develop medical countermeasures against the effects of these agents, analytical procedures to analyze these agents in their intact form in biological matrices are essential for a better understanding of the toxicological process. Although the...bookPart 2020
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Noort, D. (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author), Black, R.M. (author)In this article, an overview is presented of the methods that are currently available for retrospective detection of exposure to a number of chemical warfare agents (CWAs), based on adducts formed with macromolecules such as proteins. These methods can be applied for various purposes, e.g. diagnosis and dosimetry of exposure of casualties,...bookPart 2020
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John, H. (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author), Koller, M. (author), Spruit, W.E.T. (author), Worek, F. (author), Thiermann, H. (author), Noort, D. (author)During the United Nations fact-finding mission to investigate the alleged use of chemical warfare agents in the Syrian Arab Republic in 2013, numerous tissues from a deceased female victim, who had displayed symptoms of cholinergic crisis, were collected. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) authorized two specialized...article 2018
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Joosen, M.J.A. (author), van den Berg, R.M. (author), de Jong, A.L. (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author), Noort, D. (author), Langenberg, J.P. (author)The main goal of the present study was to obtain insight into depot formation and penetration following percutaneous VX poisoning, in order to identify an appropriate decontamination window that can enhance or support medical countermeasures. The study was executed in two phases, using the hairless guinea pig as an animal model. In the first...article 2017
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van der Schans, M.J. (author), van der Meer, J.A. (author), Olivier, R.C.M. (author), Busker, R.W. (author), Voorsluijs, G.M. (author), de Jong, A.J. (author)The awareness of the possible presence of toxic chemical compounds at and around military compounds and other critical infra structures is crucial and normally monitored by point detectors. The disadvantage of these type of detectors is that large quantities (organized in a network) are needed when a large area is to be controlled. Secondly...conference paper 2016
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Langenberg, J.P. (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author), Noort, D. (author)In this chapter an overview is presented on the state of knowledge concerning the toxicokinetics of sulfur mustard. The procedures to analyze intact sulfur mustard in the blood and tissues of laboratory animals at toxicologically relevant levels are discussed. In view of the fact that the reviewed toxicokinetic studies were performed one to...bookPart 2016
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Plamboeck, A.H. (author), Stöven, S. (author), Duarte Davidson, R. (author), Fykse, E.M. (author), Griffiths, M. (author), Nieuwenhuizen, M.S. (author), Rivier, C. (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author)The threat of terrorists using CBRN agents continues to pose a risk of mass casualties and severe disruption of societal functions in Europe. Standardisation of crisis management activities is one important step towards effective national and international interoperability and increased resilience. Understanding which CBRN agents are involved in...article 2016
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van der Schans, M.J. (author)Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are the most toxic compounds ever produced. To develop medical countermeasures against the effects of these agents, analytical procedures to analyze these agents in biological matrices are essential for a better understanding of the toxicological process. The need for the analysis of biomedical samples can have...bookPart 2015
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Johnson, D. (author), Carter, M.D. (author), Crow, B.S. (author), Isenberg, S.L. (author), Graham, L.A. (author), Erol, H.A. (author), Watson, C.M. (author), Pantazides, B.G. (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author), Langenberg, J.P. (author), Noort, D. (author), Blake, T.A. (author), Thomas, J.D. (author), Johnson, R.C. (author)Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (ToCP) is an anti-wear, flame retardant additive used in industrial lubricants, hydraulic fluids and gasoline. The neurotoxic effects of ToCP arise from the liver-activated metabolite 2-(o-cresyl)-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphoran-2-one (cresyl saligenin phosphate or CBDP), which inhibits esterase enzymes including...article 2015
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van Uhm, J.I.M. (author), Visser, G.W.M. (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author), Geldof, A.A. (author), Meuleman, E.J.H. (author), Nieuwenhuijzen, J.A. (author)Background: Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) is a highly neurotoxic drug and frequently used in patients. Knowledge on the optimal way of administration of BoNT-A and its subsequent distribution is still rather limited. An accurate method for monitoring these processes might be the use of radiolabelled BoNT-A. In this paper, we report our...article 2015
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Noort, D. (author), Langenberg, J.P. (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author)Dr. Henk P. Benschop was born on September 19, 1939. He started his scientific career at TNO in May 1964, as an alternative for regular military duty. In 1972, he obtained his PhD on the Thesis entitled: Stereochemistry of optically active alkyl alkylphosphinates. Henk spent a postdoctoral year with Professor Halmann at the Weizmann Institute of...article 2013
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van der Schans, M.J. (author), Hulst, A.G. (author), van der Riet-Van Oeveren, D. (author), Noort, D. (author), Benschop, H.P. (author), Dishovsky, C. (author)Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are neurotoxic compounds that are widely used in agriculture. Classical methods for monitoring OP exposure comprise the measurement of intact OP, its metabolites or cholinesterase activity. Newly developed methods focus on the analysis of the OP adduct bound to proteins such as butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and...article 2013
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Joosen, M.J.A. (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author), Kuijpers, W.C. (author), van Helden, H.P.M. (author), Noort, D. (author)Low volatile organophosphorous nerve agents such as VX, will most likely enter the body via the skin. The pharmacokinetics of drugs such as oximes, atropine and diazepam, are not aligned with the variable and persistent toxicokinetics of the agent. Repeated administration of these drugs showed to improve treatment efficacy compared to a single...article 2013
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van der Schans, M.J. (author), Noort, D. (author)Introduction. Diagnosis of exposure to organophosphate anti-cholinesterases can play a pivotal role in case of a military or terrorist attack with such agents, e.g. for forensic or medical purposes. Current methods used for assessment of such exposure include the determination of cholinesterase activity and analysis of urinary metabolites. Since...conference paper 2013
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Joosen, M.J.A. (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author), Noort, D. (author)Low volatile organophosphorous (OP) nerve agents such as VX, will most likely enter the body via the skin. In previous investigations conducted in hairless guinea pigs, it was shown that skin exposure to VX resulted in a slow and variable onset of observable signs of toxicity. Repeated treatments administered at the appearance and aggravation of...conference paper 2013
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- van der Schans, M.J. (author), Noort, D. (author), Fidder, A. (author), Hulst, A.G. (author) conference paper 2012
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Joosen, M. (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author), van Dijk, C.G.M. (author), Kuijpers, WC. (author), Wortelboer, H.M. (author), van Helden, H.P.M. (author)One of the shortcomings of current treatment of nerve agent poisoning is that oximes hardly penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB), whereas nerve agents easily do. Enhancing the efficacy of current oximes in the brain, would therefore provide an attractive approach to improve medical countermeasures. An explanation for limited penetration might...conference paper 2012