Relevance of animal studies in regulatory toxicology: Current approaches and future opportunities

With rapidly increasing knowledge of toxicological processes, the scientific value and relevance of toxicity studies for risk assessment must be re-evaluated. In this paper, it is proposed that the rigid risk evaluation currently required should be replaced by a more flexible, case-by-case approach, in order to increase the relevance of each...

The use of biokinetics and in vitro methods in toxicological risk evaluation: The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 15(1,2)

A comparison of in vitro and in vivo methods for determining the dermal penetration, permeation and metabolism of propoxur

Differential effects of chemical irritants in rabbit and human skin organ cultures

The toxicity of well known irritants was investigated in rabbit and human skin organ cultures. Test chemicals were selected from various categories of irritants and included both water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds. Using a highly standardized protocol, test chemicals were applied topically at concentrations relevant to the in vivo...

Release of arachidonic and linoleic acid metabolites in skin organ cultures as characteristics of in vitro skin irritancy

In vitro techniques make a major contribution to the development of alternatives to the in vivo 'Draize' skin irritation test, and the development of sensitive and generally applicable in vitro endpoints of cutaneous toxicity is an area of intensive research. To investigate in vitro characteristics of cutaneous irritation, skin explants of...

Alternatieve methoden voor het testen van huidirritatie: In vitro onderzoek met orgaankweken van menselijke en dierlijke huid

In vitro assessment of skin irritation: Evaluation of mechanism-based endpoints and cytotoxicity in human and rabbit skin organ cultures

Epidermal cell proliferation and terminal differentiation in skin organ culture after topical exposure to sodium dodecyl sulphate

Epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation were investigated in vitro after exposure to the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Human skin organ cultures were exposed topically to various concentrations of SDS for 22 h, after which the irritant was removed. Cell proliferation was measured immunohistochemically by incorporation...

Proceedings of the Netherlands Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, Utrecht University, 13 January 1994: 1. trends in toxicological pathology; 2. posters

Early characteristics of primary skin irritation in a two-compartment skin organ culture model