Risk estimation for carcinogens based on epidemiological data: A structured approach, illustrated by an example on chromium

It is generally recognized that human, epidemiological data, if available, are preferred as the starting point for quantitative risk analysis above the use of data from animal studies. Although methods to obtain proper risk estimates from epidemiological data are available, several impediments prevent their widespread application. These...

A simple method for quantitative risk assessment of non-threshold carcinogens based on the dose descriptor T25

This report provides guidance for using the dose-descriptor T25 from animal studies as a basis for quantitative risk characterisation of non-threshold carcinogens. T25 is presently used within the European Union for setting specific concentration limits for carcinogens in relation to labelling of preparations (formulations). The T25 is defined...

Reduction of oxidative DNA-damage in humans by Brussels sprouts

The effect of consumption of Brussels sprouts on levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in human urine was investigated in 10 healthy, male, non-smoking volunteers. Following a 3 week run-in period, five volunteers continued on a diet free of cruciferous vegetables for a subsequent 3 week intervention period (control group),...

Cancer-preventing potential of natural food constituents

Classification of occupational genotoxic carcinogens on the basis of their carcinogenic potency

A system for classifying genotoxic carcinogens according to their estimated risk for humans in the occupational situation has been worked out. Three classes were defined qualifying carcinogens of low, intermediate and high potency, respectively. The developed system is based on the TD 50 - value combined with weighing factors, finally resulting...

Monitoring the exposure of rats to 2-acetylaminofluorene by the estimation of mutagenic activity in excreta, sister-chromatid exchanges in peripheral blood cells and DNA adducts in peripheral blood, liver and spleen

The sensitivity of various methods suitable for biomonitoring the exposure to genotoxicants was compared in an animal model. The results were related to the presence of genotoxic effects in the target organ. Groups of male Wistar rats were given one oral dose of 0, 0.1, 1, 10 or 200 mg 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF)/5 ml dimethyl sulphoxide/kg...

The organ-specific induction of DNA adducts in 2-acetylaminofluorene-treated rats, studied by means of a sensitive immunochemical method

Exposure of cells to chemical carcinogens and mutagens may result in the formation of DNA adducts, which can give rise to mutations in the genome and to cellular transformation. Methods to measure DNA-adduct formation may be useful for 'biomonitoring', to establish exposure of laboratory animals or humans to DNA-damaging agents. For such...

Mutagenicity of urine and faeces after treatment of rats with known genotoxins

Effects of amounts and type of agar on the number of spontaneous revertants in the Ames test

It has been shown that the spontaneous revertants in the Ames test can depend on the amount and type of bottom agar on the plates. The most clear-cut effect was found with his G46 strains, carrying the ??uvrB mutation, and with the new hisG428 strain, TA102. Evidence of mutagenic impurities in agar has been found. Chemicals/CAS: agar, 9002-18-0;...

Absence of an effect of lead acetate on sperm morphology, sister chromatid exchanges or on micronuclei formation in rabbits

The influence of lead on sperm morphology, sister chromatid exchanges or on micronuclei formation was studied on male rabbits after exposure to doses of 0, 0.25, and 0.50 mg lead acetate/kg body weight subcutaneously injected three times a week during 14 weeks, each on a group of five rabbits. At the end of exposure phase the lead in blood...

Toxicity of organotin compounds. I. Atrophy of thymus and thymusdependent lymphoid tissue in rats fed Di-n-Octyltindichloride

Rats were fed di-n-octyltindichloride (DOTC) for 6 weeks at dietary levels of 0, 50, or 150 ppm. At 150 ppm, slight but significant growth retardation associated with slightly decreased food efficiency was noted. Serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was significantly increased both at 50 and 150 ppm. This increase in serum activity was...