The challenges of heating a sample in vacuum

Fast rotating liquid metal layer as anode for high brightness X-ray source

The new generation compact X-ray source for semiconductor metrology requires a brilliance that is higher than existing technology can offer. In this report, we propose a new X-ray source where an electron beam is focused on a rotating liquid metal anode. We assume that high brilliance emission can be achieved with power densities up to 10 MW/mm2...

Radical recombination sensor based on dual probe thermopile heat flux sensors

Hydrogen radicals play an important role in, e.g., the cleaning of extreme ultraviolet reflective mirrors. Therefore, there is a need to quantify the surface radical flux in the various (plasma) setups where these effects are studied. In this paper, a catalytic radical sensor is presented, based on the measurement of the recombination heat of...

Pressure and temperature increase of LPG in a thermally coated pressure vessel exposed to fire: Experimental and model results

Damage caused by incidents with transport tanks with compressed liquified gas is amongst the most extreme that can be encountered with transport vessels. This is particularly the case with the Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE), which may occur if such a tank is exposed to fire for a prolonged period. Therefore, the local Dutch LPG...

Multiphase CFD modelling of water evaporation and salt precipitation in micro-pores

The precipitation of salt in porous reservoir rocks is an impairment to gas production, particularly in mature fields. Mitigation is typically achieved with regular water washes which dissolve the deposited salt and transport it in the water phase. However, since the process of salt precipitation is intrinsically linked to pressure drop, its...

Measurement of the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient of H2 on stainless steel, extreme ultraviolet-resist, and polyimide

The tangential momentum accommodation coefficient (TMAC) of H2 on electropolished stainless steel 304, extreme ultraviolet-resist, and polyimide was determined by measuring the mass flow through a macroscopic rectangular channel (100 cm × 10 cm × 1 cm) as a function of the pressure drop in the Knudsen range Knave ≈ 0-0.6. The TMAC and Knudsen...

Cold restart of viscous multiphase flowline by hot water flushing

The main objective of this paper is to understand the physical processes of shut-in and restart of viscous multiphase flowline. For this purpose, experiments were performed on shut-in and restart processes in the Multiphase Flow Rig at Statoil's research Centre in Porsgrunn. Real crudes were used with oil viscosity up to 30,000 cP at room...

Mechanical integrity of PFHE in LNG liquefaction process

The mechanical integrity of heat exchangers is the result of an interplay of many physical phenomena. A full, albeit simple, model, that covers mixture phase thermodynamics, heat transfer, flow dynamics, and the thermal and pressure stresses has been created. Using this simulation model it is now possible to quantify the magnitude of different...

Test method for measuring insulation values of cryogenic pipes

In this paper a large-area heat flux and temperature sensor (HFT) is used for the evaluation of the insulation value of cryogenic pipes. The HFT is flexible and clamp-on. The test method is relatively simple and can be used in-situ. The HFT makes it possible to monitor insulation performance over elongated times and to study localized effects ...

Enhanced heat transfer in confined pool boiling

We report the results of an experimental investigation of the heat transfer during nucleate boiling on a spatially confined boiling surface. The heat flux as a function of the boiling surface temperature was measured in pool boiling pots with diameters ranging from 15 mm down to 4.5 mm. It was found that a reduction of the pool diameter leads to...

Thermal model of miniaturized Schottky emitter for parallel electron beam lithography

Drogen van grofkeramiek: Projectresultaten. Fase 1

In het fabricage proces van bakstenen en dakpannen is het droogproces van groot belang. Enerzijds uit het oogpunt van energieverbruik. Anderzijds uit het oogpunt van produktiekosten en produktkwaliteit. Optimalisatie van het huidige droogproces is wenselijk en mogelijk. Hiervoor is een gedegen begrip van het droogproces, van de interacties...