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Najafi M., (author), Theelen, M. (author), Fledderus, H. (author), Zhang, D. (author), Zardetto, V. (author), van Aken, B. (author), Veenstra, S. (author)Semitransparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) are very attractive due to their potential applications in single junctions for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) and in tandem PV technology using low-bandgap bottom solar cells. Despite the high efficiency achieved, the ST-PSCs still suffer low bifaciality, which can limit their overall...article 2022
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Theelen, M. (author), Broos, R.J.P. (author), Hovestad, A. (author)The degradation mechanisms of the molybdenum (Mo) back contact for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells in the presence of atmospheric species have been investigated. Mo/MoSe2 films on glass were immersed in water purged with the gases oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), air, in non-purged water, and exposed to air. It was found that the...article 2022
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Bakker, K. (author), Assen, S. (author), Rasia, A. (author), Barreau, N. (author), Weeber, A. (author), Theelen, M. (author)Partial shading of PV modules can lead to degradation of the shaded cells. The degradation originates from a reverse bias voltage over the shaded cells. In order to mitigate reverse bias damage in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) modules, a good understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing the reverse characteristic is required. In this study, a...article 2022
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Aninat, R. (author), Bakker, K. (author), Jouard, L. (author), ott Cruz, M.G.S. (author), Yilmaz, P. (author), Theelen, M. (author)The ever-increasing instalment capacity of Cu (In, Ga)(Se, S)2-based photovoltaicscalls for a better understanding and control of their reliability. In this paper, we showhow using a coring-based method, small samples can be extracted from full size com-mercial modules, and prepared for lab-scale analysis. The method is applied to a Cu(In, Ga)...article 2022
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Yilmaz, P. (author), Aninat, R. (author), Cruz, G.O. (author), Weber, T. (author), Schmitz, J. (author), Theelen, M. (author)An extensive post-mortem analysis was conducted on a commercial copper-(indiumgallium)-diselenide (CIGS) photovoltaic module that degraded after exposure to the high voltage stress of a standardized potential induced degradation (PID) test. We employed a custom-developed coring technique to extract samples from the full-size field module, which...article 2022
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Aninat, R. (author), Hovestad, A. (author), van Zelst, F. (author), van den Bruele, F.J. (author), Schermer, J.J. (author), Emmelkamp, J. (author), Vlieg, E. (author), Linden, H. (author), Theelen, M. (author)We study by in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) in a unique, custom-made furnace mimicking an industrial setup, the effect of pre-annealing on electroplated and sputtered thin films of Cu-In-Ga, as precursor material for Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS)-based solar cells. In the first part of the paper, the properties of the as-deposited precursors are...article 2022
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Smirnov, Y. (author), Schmengler, L. (author), Kuik, R. (author), Repecaud, P.A. (author), Najafi, M. (author), Zhang, D. (author), Theelen, M. (author), Aydin, E. (author), Veenstra, S. (author), de Wolf, S. (author), Morales-Masis, M. (author)Sputtered transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are widely accepted transparent electrodes for several types of high-efficiency solar cells. However, the different sputtering yield of atoms makes stoichiometric transfer of target material challenging for multi-compounds. Additionally, the high kinetic energies of the arriving species may damage...article 2021
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Aninat, R. (author), van den Bruele, F.J. (author), Schermer, J.J. (author), Tinnemans, P. (author), Emmelkamp, J. (author), Vlieg, E. (author), van der Vleuten, M. (author), Linden, H. (author), Theelen, M. (author)The selenisation of Cu-Ga-In metallic precursors is investigated by in-situ X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) in a selenisation tool which mimics at the laboratory scale an industrial tool (thus fully scalable) and allows fine control over the selenisation parameters and reproducibility. In this setup, the interdiffusion of Ga and In was significantly...article 2021
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Theelen, M. (author), Kester, J. (author), Hauck, M. (author), Späth, M. (author), Kuypers, A. (author), Sinke, W. (author)Met het licht van de zon bereikt ons dagelijks een hoeveelheid energie die veel groter is dan we als mensheid nodig hebben. Toch gebruiken we nog heel veel energie uit fossiele brandstoffen. Door verbranding winnen we uit steenkool, olie en gas de zonne-energie die miljoenen jaren geleden in de bodem is vastgelegd. Maar daarbij verbranden we ook...other 2021
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Bakker, K. (author), Aahman, H.N. (author), Burgers, T. (author), Barreau, N. (author), Weeber, A. (author), Theelen, M. (author)Partial shading of monolithically interconnected Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) modules can lead to the formation of reverse bias induced defects. These localized defects permanently reduce the output of the PV module. The formation and propagation mechanisms of these defects is studied. Understanding these mechanisms can help to prevent or mitigate...article 2020
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Aninat, R. (author), van den Bruele, F.J. (author), Tinnemans, P. (author), Schermer, J.J. (author), Emmelkamp, J. (author), Vlieg, E. (author), Theelen, M. (author), van der Vleuten, M. (author), Linden, H. (author)A custom-made, highly versatile and industrially-relevant selenisation furnace with in situ XRD capabilities is presented. Mimicking an RD scale furnace used in our baseline at TNO/Solliance, it uses only elemental chalcogens and gives control over a wide set of process parameters not accessible in commercial setups. It additionally allows fast...conference paper 2020
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van der Vleuten, M. (author), Theelen, M. (author), Aninat, R. (author), van der Werf, K. (author), Mannetje, H. (author), Reyes-Figueroa, P. (author), Kodalle, T. (author), Klenk, R. (author), Simor, M. (author), Linden, H. (author)In order to control the bandgap profile of CIGSe absorbers, several key parameters of the absorber formation process have been investigated using semi-industrial 30×30 cm2 chalcogenization equipment. It was found that the degree of gallium-indium interdiffusion depends on the thermal budget of the process and on the selenium vapor pressure at...conference paper 2020
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van der Hulst, M.K. (author), Huijbregts, M.A.J. (author), van Loon, N. (author), Theelen, M. (author), Kootstra, L. (author), Bergesen, J.D. (author), Hauck, M. (author)Estimating the environmental impact of emerging technologies at different stages of developmentis uncertain but necessary to guide investment, research, and development. Here, we propose asystematic procedure to assess the future impacts of emerging technologies. In the technologydevelopment stage (technology readiness level < 9), the...article 2020
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Theelen, M. (author), Ntinas, V. (author), Steijvers, H. (author), Mannetje, H. (author), Vroon, Z. (author)Aluminum doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al) films were deposited by sputtering on borosilicate glass (sodium poor) and soda lime glass (sodium rich). These films were exposed up to 1032 hours of damp heat (85 °C/85 % relative humidity) to study the influence of among others the sodium content of the substrate on the ZnO:Al stability. A decrease in...article 2020
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Bakker, K. (author), Rasia, A. (author), Assen, S. (author), Ben Said Aflouat, B. (author), Weeber, A. (author), Weeber, A. (author), Theelen, M. (author)When a PV module is partially shaded, the shaded solar cells operate in a reverse bias condition. For Cu(In,Ga)Se2 cells this condition can cause defects that irreversibly reduce the output of these cells and the full module. In order to design robust shade-tolerant CIGS modules details need to be known of the conditions at which these defects...article 2020
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Bakker, K. (author), Weeber, A. (author), Theelen, M. (author)Partial shading of Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 (CIGS) photovoltaic (PV) modules is getting more attention, as is witnessed by the increase in publications on this topic in recent years. This review will give an overview of shading tests executed on CIGS modules and focuses on the more fundamental aspects that are often studied on cells. Generally, CIGS...article 2019
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Bakker, K. (author), Nilsson Ahman, H. (author), Aantjes, K. (author), Barreau, N. (author), Weeber, A.W. (author), Theelen, M. (author)Partial shading of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 modules can lead to the formation of reverse bias induced wormlike defects. These wormlike defects act as local shunts and permanently decrease module output. A good understanding of the formation and propagationmechanisms of these defects is needed in order tomitigate the negative effects, or to prevent these...article 2019
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- Kingma, A. (author), Kulkarni, S. (author), Roosen-Melsen, D. (author), den Nieuwenhof, M.V. (author), Lanfranchi, F. (author), Bakker, K. (author), Theelen, M. (author), Linden, H. (author), Koetse, M. (author), Toonssen, P. (author) conference paper 2019
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Theelen, M. (author), Bakker, K. (author), Steijvers, H. (author), Roest, S. (author), Hielkema, P. (author), Barreau, N. (author), Haverkamp, E. (author)The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these...article 2018
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Theelen, M. (author), Beyeler, K. (author), Steijvers, H. (author), Barreau, N. (author)Unencapsulated CIGS solar cells were simultaneously exposed to either dry or damp heat combined illumination. In-situ monitoring of their electrical parameters demonstrated a rapid decrease of the efficiency for the solar cells exposed to damp heat plus illumination. This decrease was mainly driven by changes in the shunt resistances, affecting...article 2017