document

A comparison of diferent ways to approximate time-to-line crossing (TLC) during car driving

van Winsum, W. (author), Brookhuis, K.A. (author), de Waard, D. (author), TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author)

Three experiments are presented in which the accuracy of different methods to approximate time-to-line crossing is assessed. In the first experiment TLC was computed, using a trigonometric method, during normal driving while the vehicle stayed in lane. The minima of TLC were compared with two approximations and it was found computing TLC as...

article 2000

document

Performance and sickness at sea

TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author), Bos, J.E. (author), Bles, W. (author)

Human performance at sea generally decreases with increasing severity of seasickness. Seasickness predictions can be made, be it that motions are assumed to be translational along a vertical axis only and sinusoidal. Here, a deterministic model is presented based on physiological knowledge of the vestibular (equilibrium) system. This model is...

conference paper 2000

document

Capability Prediction: An Effective Way to Improve Navigational Performance

TNO Human Factors Research Institute, Soesterberg, Netherlands (author), van Breda, L. (author)

The potential benefit of predictive information for navigation support was investigated in a simulator study. Twelve participants had to guide a medium-size vessel across a traffic separation scheme. In the simulator, critical vessel traffic scenarios were created, where participants were provided with: (i) baseline Automatic Radar Plotting Aid ...

article 2000

document

TOD Predicts Target Acquisition Performance for Staring and Scanning Thermal Imagers

TNO Human Factors Research Institute TNO Fysisch en Elektronisch Laboratorium (author), Bijl, P. (author), Valeton, J.M. (author), de Jong, A.N. (author)

Identification and recognition performance for four staring and two scanning thermal imagers, were measured in an observer experiment using images that were collected during a NATO field trial in Nettuno, Italy, in 1998. The dataset allows validation of the MRTD and alternative sensor performance measures such as the TOD (Triangle Orientation...

conference paper 2000

document

Clothing evaporative heat resistance - Proposal for improved representation in standards and models

Havenith, G. (author), Holmér, I. (author), den Hartog, E.A. (author), Parsons, K.C. (author), TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author)

Clothing heat and vapour resistances are important inputs for standards and models dealing with thermal comfort, heat- and cold-stress. A vast database of static clothing heat resistance values is available, and this was recently expanded with correction equations to account for effects of movement and wind on the static value of heat resistance...

article 1999

document

Guidelines for accurate TOD measurement

Bijl, Piet (author), Valeton, J. Mathieu (author), TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author)

The Triangle Orientation Discrimination (TOD) threshold is an alternative method to characterize electro-optical system performance. The method is based on an improved test pattern, a better-defined observer task and a solid psychophysical measurement procedure, and allows accurate and comparable results from different measuring teams. With the...

conference paper 1999

document

Effects of task complexity in young and old adults: Reaction time and P300 latency are not always dissociated

Smulders, F.T.Y. (author), Kenemans, J.L. (author), Schmidt, W.F. (author), Albert, K. (author), TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author)

Twelve young and 11 elderly men (mean ages 21.1 and 70.1) performed a choice-reaction time (RT) task in which stimulus degradation and stimulus- response (S-R) compatibility were manipulated. The extant literature has suggested that the effects of age on RT are usually augmented (multiplicative) in more difficult task conditions, but also that...

article 1999

document

The effects of wind and human movement on the heat and vapour transfer properties of clothing

Parsons, K.C. (author), Havenith, G. (author), Holmér, I. (author), Nilsson, H. (author), Malchaire, J. (author), TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author)

This paper integrates the research presented in the papers in this special issue of Holmer et al. and Havenith et al. [Holmer, I., Nilsson, H., Havenith, G., Parsons, K. C. (1999) Clothing convective heat exchange: proposal for improved prediction in standards and models. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, in press; Havenith, G., Holmer, I., den...

article 1999

document

Attentional effects on preattentive vision: Spatial precues affect the detection of simple features

Theeuwes, J. (author), Kramer, A.F. (author), Atchley, P. (author), TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author)

Most accounts of visual perception hold that the detection of primitive features occurs preattentively, in parallel across the visual field. Evidence that preattentive vision operates without attentional limitations comes from visual search tasks in which the detection of the presence or absence of a primitive feature is independent of the...

article 1999

document

The effects of proprioceptive and visual feedback on geographical

Bakker, N.H. (author), Werkhoven, P.J. (author), Passenier, P.O. (author), TNO Human Factors Research Institute, P.O. Box 23, 3769 ZG Soesterberg, Netherlands (author)

To effectively use a Virtual Environment (VE) for applications such as training and design evaluation, a good sense of orientation is needed in the VE. "Natural" human geographical orientation, when moving around in the world, relies on visual as well as proprioceptive feedback. However, the present navigation metaphors that are used to move...

article 1999

document

Visual marking of old objects

Theeuwes, J. (author), Kramer, A.F. (author), Atchley, P. (author), TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author)

Watson and Humphreys (1997) presented evidence that selection of new elements can be prioritized by on-line top-down attentional inhibition of old stimuli already in the visual field (visual marking). The experiments on which this evidence was based always presented old elements in green and new elements in blue. Because of this, instead of...

article 1998

document

Perspective information in the cockpit as a target acquisition aid

van Breda, L. (author), Veltman, H.A. (author), TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author)

In a simulator experiment, the potential benefits of perspective radar displays for situation awareness support were investigated. A target acquisition task was used in which fighter pilots were required to locate and intercept a target. The pilots were supported by a conventional plan-view radar display, or by two types of perspective...

article 1998

document

Manipulation performance in interactive virtual environments

Werkhoven, P.J. (author), Groen, J. (author), TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author)

We have studied manipulation performance in virtual environments using two types of controllers: virtual hand control and 3D mouse-cursor control. These manipulation methods were tested under monoscopic and stereoscopic viewing conditions. Participants were asked to discriminate, grasp, pitch, roll and position virtual objects. Both speed and...

article 1998

document

Effect of path prediction on navigational performance

van Breda, L. (author), Passenier, P.O. (author), TNO Human Factors Research Institute, Soesterberg, Netherlands (author)

A simulator experiment was conducted to determine the potential benefits of path prediction on the navigational performance of channel-bound vessels. Channel pilots had to sail an approach channel under critical conditions in a deep-draught vessel. For the navigation task, basic radar information was used, supplemented by three different path...

article 1998

document

Motion sickness amelioration induced by prism spectacles

Vente, P.E.M. (author), Bos, J.E. (author), de Wit, G. (author), TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author)

A side effect of the prescription of prism glasses according to the principle of Utermöhlen to improve mechanical reading skills of certain types of learning disabled children, was the alleviation of car sickness. Besides a decrease in reported symptoms after prescription of these glasses, the effect is quantified by a decrease in estimated...

article 1998

document

Our eyes do not always go where we want them to go: Capture of the eyes new objects

Theeuwes, J. (author), Kramer, A.F. (author), Hahn, S. (author), Irwin, D.E. (author), TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author)

We make rapid eye movements to examine the world around us. Before an eye movement is made, attention is covertly shifted to the location of the object of interest. The eye typically will land at the position at which attention is directed. Here we report that a goal-directed eye movement towards an object is disrupted by the appearance of a new...

article 1998

document

Working in a moving environment

Wertheim, A.H. (author), TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author)

The present paper provides a review of research and theories concerning the question of how and why working in a moving environment may affect performance. It is argued that performance decrements can be expected to occur as a result of general factors or as a result specific impairments of particular human skills. General effects happen when...

article 1998

document

Fusion of visible and thermal imagery improves situational awareness

Toet, A. (author), IJspeert, J. (author), Waxman, A.M. (author), Aguilar, M. (author), TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author)

Two recently developed color image fusion techniques, the TNO fusion scheme and the MIT fusion scheme, are applied to visible and thermal images of military relevant scenarios. An observer experiment is performed to test if the increased amount of detail in the fused images can yield an improved observer performance in a task that requires...

conference paper 1997

document

Visual support in target search for a simulated unmanned aerial vehicle

TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author), van Erp, J.B.F. (author), Kappé, B. (author), Korteling, J.E. (author)

In steering Maritime Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (MUAV's) and controlling its camera movements, the operator's task is complicated by a limited quantity and quality of the available perceptual information. For example, the outside image is presented with low update rate and a narrow field of view due to the limited bandwidth of the data-link...

report 1996

document

Behavioural aspects of automatic vehicle guidance: the relationship between headway and driver comfort

TNO Human Factors Research Institute (author), de Vos, A.P. (author), Theeuwes, J. (author), Hoekstra, W. (author)

Automation of road traffic may have a large potential for improving the performance of the traffic system. For the not too distant future, systems that support or automate parts of the driving task will appear on the market. On a longer term fully automated driving on parts of the road network may become possible. The acceptance of automated...

report 1996