Calibration of velocity light screens

Correct projectile velocity measurement is essential for shooting ranges, to determine the ballistic performance of sample materials. It determines the accuracy of the provided measurement result and therefore requires flawless and precise functioning of the velocity measurement system, including light screens, counters and calculations. A...

Advanced defect classification by smart sampling, based on sub-wavelength anisotropic scatterometry

We report on advanced defect classification using TNO's RapidNano particle scanner. RapidNano was originally designed for defect detection on blank substrates. In detection-mode, the RapidNano signal from nine azimuth angles is added for sensitivity. In review-mode signals from individual angles are analyzed to derive additional defect...

Fatal sarin poisoning in Syria 2013: forensic verification within an international laboratory network

During the United Nations fact-finding mission to investigate the alleged use of chemical warfare agents in the Syrian Arab Republic in 2013, numerous tissues from a deceased female victim, who had displayed symptoms of cholinergic crisis, were collected. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) authorized two specialized...

Electromagnetic deformable mirror for space applications

To increase the collecting power and to improve the angular imaging resolution, space telescopes are evolving towards larger primary mirrors. The aerial density of the telescope mirrors needs to be kept low, however, to be compatible with the launch requirements. A light-weight (primary) mirror will introduce additional optical aberrations to...

Outlook for NanoInside Theme "3D nano-structuring and metrology"

The field of 3D nano-structuring and metrology is advancing rapidly in the Netherlands and the rest of the world. In general, the quality of the involved investigators, knowledge institutes and companies in the Netherlands is world-class. Many Dutch academic groups / knowledge institutes / companies are world-leading in their own nano-arena. A...

Deep sub-wavelength metrology for advanced defect classification

Particle defects are important contributors to yield loss in semi-conductor manufacturing. Particles need to be detected and characterized in order to determine and eliminate their root cause. We have conceived a process flow for advanced defect classification (ADC) that distinguishes three consecutive steps; detection, review and classification...

Electromagnetic deformable mirror development at TNO

Over the last decade TNO has developed a deformable mirror concept using electromagnetic actuators with the main advantages of having very low non-linearity and hysteresis, low power consumption, and high inherent reliability of the actuators. TNO recently started a program to redesign the electromagnetic actuator to improve the actuator...

Elimination kinetics and molecular reaction mechanisms of cyclosarin (GF) by an oxime substituted β-cyclodextrin derivative in vitro

Detoxification mechanisms of the chemical warfare agent cyclosarin (GF) in presence of 6-OxP-CD were investigated in detail in in vitro model systems. Most important finding was the preference of 6-Ox-P-CD to eliminate the more toxic (-)-GF. However, elimination of GF enantiomers was dependent on the 6-OxP-CD:GF ratios showing decreasing...

Intravenous toxicokinetics of sulfur mustard and its DNA-adducts in the hairless guinea pig and marmoset

ln order to provide a quantitative basis for pretreatment and therapy of intoxications with sulfur mustard the toxicokinetics of this agent as well as its major DNA-adducts are being studied in male hairless guinea pigs for the intravenous, respiratory and percutaneous routes. A highly sensitive method for bioanalysis of the intact agent in...

Bioanalysis of the enantiomers of (+/-)-sarin using automated thermal cold-trap injection combined with two-dimensional gas chromatography

Intravenous and inhalation toxicokinetics of sarin stereoisomers in atropinized guinea pigs

We report the first toxicokinetic studies of (±)-sarin. The toxicokinetics of the stereoisomers of this nerve agent were studied in anesthetized, atropinized, and restrained guinea pigs after intravenous bolus administration of a dose corresponding to 0.8 LD50 and after nose-only exposure to vapor concentrations yielding 0.4 and 0.8 LCt50 in an...

Inhalation toxicokinetics of soman stereoisomers in the atropinized guinea pig with nose-only exposure to soman vapor

The toxicokinetics of the four stereoisomers of the nerve agent C(±)P(±)-soman were studied in anesthetized, atropinized guinea pigs for nose-only exposure to soman vapor. During exposure the respiratory minute volume (RMV) and respiratory frequency (RF) were monitored. Blood samples were taken for chiral gas chromatographic analysis of the...

Determination of methyl 5-hydroxy-2-benzimidazole carbamate in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection