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Schmal, D. (author), Saakes, M. (author), ter Veen, W.R. (author), Raadschelders, J.W. (author), ten Have, P.T.J.H. (author), TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author)In hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) the requirements on batteries are very different from those for battery electric vehicles (BEV). A high power (bipolar) lead-acid battery could be a good alternative for other types of batteries under development for this application. It is potentially cheap and there is an established recycling infrastructure....conference paper 2000
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- TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author), Hendriksen, P. (author), Riemersma, I.J. (author), Rijkeboer, R.C. (author), Rondel, M. (author), Schmal, D. (author), Smokers, R.T.M. (author) report 2000
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TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author), Hendriksen, P. (author), Riemersma, I.J. (author), Rijkeboer, R.C. (author), Rondel, M. (author), Schmal, D. (author), Smokers, R.T.M. (author)In Task 2 of the MATADOR-project1 measurement methods have been developed for the evaluation of the energy consumption and emissions of vehicles with advanced propulsion systems, such as battery-electric, hybrid-electric and fuel cell vehicles. Based on an inventory of existing and prospective standard test procedures and of technology-specific...report 2000
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Saakes, M. (author), Kluiters, E. (author), Schmal, D. (author), Mourad, S. (author), ten Have, P.T.J.H. (author), TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author)An 80 V bipolar lead-acid battery was constructed and tested using hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive cycles. Drive cycles with a peak power of 6.7 kW, equal to 1/5 of the total power profile required for the HEV studied, were run successfully. Model calculations showed that the 80 V module constructed, which is at the moment 2.5 times heavier...conference paper 1999
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Fierro, V. (author), Miranda, J.L. (author), Romero, C. (author), Andrés, J.M. (author), Arriaga, A. (author), Schmal, D. (author), Visser, G.H. (author), TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author)The spontaneous ignition of coal stockpiles is a serious economic and safety problem. This paper deals with oxidation and spontaneous combustion of coal piles laid in coal storage yard and the measures to avoid the heat losses produced. Investigations on self heating were carried out with five test piles (2000-3000 tons) built at the ENDESA...article 1999
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Fierro, V. (author), Miranda, J.L. (author), Romero, C. (author), Andrés, J.M. (author), Pierrot, A. (author), Gómez-Landesa, E. (author), Arriaga, A. (author), Schmal, D. (author), TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author)The exothermic processes during coal storage reduce the calorific value of the coal which in turn results in financial losses. An accurate and easy calculation of the losses may be an efficient tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the measures taken to reduce the spontaneous heating of coal and to predict the appearance of hot spots. This study...article 1999
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Schmal, D. (author), Saakes, M. (author), Mourad, S. (author), ten Have, P. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author)In hybrid electric vehicles (HEV's) the requirements on batteries for energy storage are completely different from those in battery powered electric vehicles (BEV's). In order to come to a succesful development of HEV's, beside fullfilling the technical requirements, the battery has to have a long life time and must be cost effective. On the...conference paper 1999
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Mourad, S. (author), Saakes, M. (author), Kluiters, C.E. (author), Schmal, D. (author), ten Have, P. (author), TNO Wegtransportmiddelen (author)A 80V bipolar lead-acid battery was constructed and tested using Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) drive cycles. Drive cycles with a peak power of 6.7kW, equal to 1/5 of the total power profile required for the HEV studied, were run succesfully. Model calculations showed that the constructed 80V module, which is at the moment 2.5 times more heavy...conference paper 1998
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Schmal, D. (author), Kluiters, C.E. (author), Ligtvoet, A.C.P. (author), Barendregt, I.P. (author), TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author)In the framework of the development of a new generation of surface ships, the Royal Netherlands Navy, like many other navies, is studying the all-electric-ship (AES) as a serious option. There are various reasons for this interest in the AES concept. The main one is the growing demand for electrical energy for various applications on board ...conference paper 1998
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Schmal, D. (author), Saakes, M. (author), TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author)In hybrid electric vehicles (HEV's) the requirements on batteries for energy storage are completely different from those in battery powered electric vehicles (BEV's). In order to come to a succesful development of HEV's, beside fullfilling the technical requirements, the battery has to have a long life time and must be cost effective. On the...other 1998
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TNO wegtransportmiddelen (author), Smokers, R.T.M. (author), Mourad, S. (author), Schmal, D. (author), van de Weijer, C.J.T. (author), van Sloten, P. (author), Hendriksen, P. (author)Dit rapport is een met beperkte middelen en in korte tijd samengestelde samenvatting van informatie die bij TNO aanwezig is in de vorm van literatuur en de kennis en ervaring van medewerkers. In de beschrijving van concrete voertuigen, componenten of activiteiten is geen volledigheid nagestreefd. Wel is gepoogd om in grote lijnen een degelijk...report 1997
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Brunia, A. (author), Kluiters, C.E. (author), Schmal, D. (author), Instituut voor Milieuwetenschappen TNO (author)The project "Brass-board integration of a reformer/fuel cell/battery/electric motor system for electric traction" contributes to the development of a new and environmentally friendly power source for electrically driven cars. This research is carried out by Loughborough university of rechnology (united Kingdom), TECNARS s.r.l. (Iraly), ECN,...conference paper 1994
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- Schmal, D. (author), de Jong, A.M.C.P. (author), van Duin, P.J. (author), van Erkel, J. (author), TNO Milieu, Energie en Procesinnovatie (author) article 1992
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- Hoofdgroep Maatschappelijke Technologie TNO (author), Schmal, D. (author) doctoral thesis 1987