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van Loo-Bouwman, C.A. (author), Naber, T.H.J. (author), Minekus, M. (author), van Breemen, R.B. (author), Hulshof, P.J.M. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author)Since the food matrix determines β-carotene availability for intestinal absorption, food matrix effects on the bioaccessibility of β-carotene from two diets were investigated in vitro and compared with in vivo data. The "mixed diet" consisted of β-carotene-rich vegetables, and the "oil diet" contained β-carotene-low vegetables with supplemental...article 2014
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Schaafsma, G. (author), Hertsenberg, A.J. (author), Marquart, J. (author)Within the framework of REACH, an assessment regarding local dermal effects and skin sensitisation should be performed for substances. Quantitative hazard information for these effects is often not available. Furthermore, it is difficult to relate the way in which animals are exposed in dermal toxicity studies directly to dermal exposure in...article 2011
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- Blom, W.A.M. (author), de Graaf, C. (author), Lluch, A. (author), Stafleu, A. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author), Hendriks, H.F.J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author) article 2009
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- van Leeuwen, K. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author) article 2009
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Buist, H.E. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Quantification of skin absorption is an essential step in reducing the uncertainty of dermal risk assessment. Data from literature indicate that the relative dermal absorption of substances is dependent on dermal loading. Therefore, an internal exposure calculated with absorption data determined at a dermal loading not comparable to the actual...article 2009
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Schaafsma, G. (author), Kroese, E.D. (author), Tielemans, E.L.J.P. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author), van Leeuwen, C.J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)The objectives of REACH cannot be achieved under the current risk assessment approach. A change in mind set among all the relevant stakeholders is needed: risk assessment should move away from a labor-intensive and animal-consuming approach to intelligent and pragmatic testing, by combining exposure and hazard data effectively and trying to...article 2009
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Beulens, J.W.J. (author), de Zoete, E.C. (author), Kok, F.J. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author), Hendriks, H.F.J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Objective: Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a decreased risk of type II diabetes. This study investigates the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on adipokines and insulin sensitivity. Subjects: Twenty healthy, lean (body mass index (BMI) 18.5-25 kg/m2; n=11) or overweight (BMI>27 kg/m2; n=9) men (18-25 years). Methods: Three...article 2008
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- Millward, D.J. (author), Layman, D.K. (author), Tomé, D. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author) article 2008
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- Buist, H.E. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author), van de Sandt, J.J.M. (author) article 2007
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- Beulens, J.W.J. (author), de Zoete, E.C. (author), Kok, F.J. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author), Hendriks, H.F.J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author) article 2007
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TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author), Thorsdottir, I. (author), Tomasson, H. (author), Gunnarsdottir, I. (author), Gisladottir, E. (author), Kiely, M. (author), Parra, M.D. (author), Bandarra, N.M. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author), Martinéz, J.A. (author)Objective: To investigate the effect of including seafood and fish oils, as part of an energy-restricted diet, on weight loss in young overweight adults. Design: Randomized controlled trial of energy-restricted diet varying in fish and fish oil content was followed for 8 weeks. Subjects were randomized to one of four groups: (1) control ...article 2007
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Schaafsma, G. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)The increasing prevalence in many countries of people with overweight and obesity is undoubtedly one of the biggest threats to public health. Dietary proteins, because of their positive effects on satiation/ satiety, may help to reduce energy intake and promote a healthy body composition with less body fat. Several mechanisms have been put...article 2006
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Blom, W.A.M. (author), Lluch, A. (author), Stafleu, A. (author), Vinoy, S. (author), Holst, J.J. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author), Hendriks, H.F.J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Background: The most satiating macronutrient appears to be dietary protein. Few studies have investigated the effects of dietary protein on ghrelin secretion in humans. Objective: This study was designed to investigate whether a high-protein (HP) breakfast is more satiating than a high-carbohydrate breakfast (HC) through suppression of...article 2006
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Schaafsma, G. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Loss of muscle mass as a consequence of changes in protein metabolism during periods of catabolic stress is a serious complication in a variety of conditions. These conditions are weight loss programs, sarcopenia in the elderly and several clinical states. It appears from many studies that improved protein nutrition by ingestion of high-quality...article 2006
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Beulens, J.W.J. (author), van Beers, R.M. (author), Stolk, R.P. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author), Hendriks, H.F.J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Objective: To investigate the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on fat distribution, adipose tissue secreted proteins (adiponectin and resistin), and insulin sensitivity in healthy middle-aged men with abdominal obesity. Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty-four healthy men between 35 and 70 years old, with increased waist circumference ...article 2006
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Schaafsma, G. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Score (PDCAAS) is discussed. PDCAAS is now widely used as a routine assay for protein quality evaluation, replacing the more traditional biological methods [e.g., measurement of the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) in rats]. PDCAAS is based on comparison of the essential amino acid content of a test protein...article 2005
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- Tielemans, E. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author), de Heer, C. (author), Rijnders, E. (author), Groenewold, M. (author), Bouwman, Y. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author) article 2005
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Beulens, J.W.J. (author), Sierksma, A. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author), Kok, F.J. (author), Struys, E.A. (author), Jakobs, C. (author), Hendriks, H.F.J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Background: Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. Because plasma homocysteine (tHcy) is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and associated with alcohol consumption, the authors investigated the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on kinetics of plasma tHcy...article 2005
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- van den Berg, R. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author), Pasman, W. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author) article 2005
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Blom, W.A.M. (author), Stafleu, A. (author), de Graaf, C. (author), Kok, F.J. (author), Schaafsma, G. (author), Hendriks, H.F.J. (author), TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author)Background: Ghrelin plays an important role in the regulation of food intake. Little is known about how ghrelin concentrations are modified by dietary factors. Objective: We examined the effects of both amount and type of carbohydrate on ghrelin concentrations and all correlations among the variables ghrelin, glucose, insulin, leptin, and all 4...article 2005