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Martinez Pacheco, M. (author), Stuivinga, M.E.C. (author), Carton, E.P. (author), Katgerman, L. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)Experimental results on the preparation of functionally graded TiC-based cermets obtained by combustion synthesis (also known as Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis, SHS) followed by quasi-isostatic (QIP) pressing in a granulate medium are presented. Pellets of TiC-Fe graded cermets are produced by stacking layers of Ti and C powder...conference paper 2004
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Philippens, I.H.C.H.M. (author), Jongsma, M.J. (author), Vanwersch, R.A.P. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)The efficacy against lethality and post-intoxication incapacitation after 2x LD50 soman of different subacute pretreatment scenarios of 12 days was tested with or without post-intoxication therapy in guinea pigs. These pretreatment regimes were 1) the currently used pretreatment with pyridostigmine (PYR, 0.04 mg/kg/hr), 2) the combination of...conference paper 2004
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Noort, D. (author), Fidder, A. (author), de Kant, S. (author), Hulst, A.G. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)The need for retrospective detection procedures for exposure to low levels of chemical warfare agents has been urgently illustrated by the conflicts in the Gulf Area. Furthermore, in the case of a terrorist attack with CWA, rapid and reliable diagnosis of the exposure is essential. The present research aims at development of a mass spectrometric...conference paper 2004
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Brasser, P. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)The heat load, imposed by air-permeable NBC (nuclear, biological, and chemical)-protective suits, can be reduced by improving the air permeability of the suit. However, increased air permeability will reduce the chemical protective performance, since increasing the air permeability of the NBC-protective material will result in higher air...article 2004
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- Dijkgraaf, A. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author) article 2004
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Degenhardt, C.E.A.M. (author), Pleijsier, K. (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author), Langenberg, J.P. (author), Preston, K.E. (author), Solano, M.I. (author), Maggio, V.L. (author), Barr, J.R. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)One of the most appropriate biomarkers for the verification of organophosphorus nerve agent exposure is the conjugate of the nerve agent to butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The phosphyl moiety of the nerve agent can be released from the BuChE enzyme by incubation with fluoride ions, after which the resulting organophosphonofluoridate can be...article 2004
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van der Schans, M.J. (author), Pleijsier, K. (author), van der Wiel, H.J. (author), Boone, C.M. (author), Langenberg, J.P. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)Human butyrylcholinesterase (HuBuChE) is the most promising scavenger for use as a pretreatment drug against nerve agents. Although in animal studies pretreatment with HuBuChE appeared to improve the survival rate following nerve agent challenges and to alleviate post-exposure incapacitation, the information reported so far is insufficient for a...conference paper 2004
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Mol, M.A.E. (author), van den Berg, R.M. (author), Chau, L.F. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)In order to prevent microvesication, direct and indirect inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) can be used to fully prevent HD-induced epidermal-dermal separation in organ-cultured human skin pieces. The MMP inhibitors show no effect on the massive epidermal cell damage caused by HD. Interestingly, a pancaspase inhibitor causes a...conference paper 2004
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van der Schans, M.J. (author), Langenberg, J.P. (author), Benschop, H.P. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)Traditional multidrug therapy of organophosphorus nerve agent poisoning has several drawbacks such as postexposure incapacitation while optimal timing of administration of the drugs is also crucial. A priori, sequestration of the agent before it can reach its physiological targets would provide optimal protection. Within this context, a plethora...conference paper 2004
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van Baar, B.L.M. (author), Hulst, A.G. (author), de Jong, A.L. (author), Wils, E.R.J. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)In a follow-up of the earlier characterisation of botulinum toxins type A and B (BTxA and BTxB) by mass spectrometry (MS), types C, D, E, and F (BTxC, BTxD, BTxE, BTxF) were now investigated. Botulinum toxins are extremely neurotoxic bacterial toxins, likely to be used as biological warfare agent. Biologically active BTxC, BTxD, BTxE, and BTxF...article 2004
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Mol, M.A.E. (author), van den Berg, R.M. (author), van Dijk, C. (author), de Jong, A.L. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)In order to study the toxic mechanism of action of sulfur mustard (HD), we examined protein expression in control and HD-treated cultured human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) at 24 h after exposure to 100 μM HD. Protein patterns of cell lysates were prepared using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with an immobilized pH gradient in the first...conference paper 2004
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van Helden, H.P.M. (author), Trap, H.C. (author), Kuijpers, W.C. (author), Oostdijk, J.P. (author), Benschop, H.P. (author), Langenberg, J.P. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)The purpose of this pilot study was to indicate, for low-level exposure of conscious guinea pigs and marmoset monkeys to sarin vapour in air, the lowest-observable-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) of sarin for miosis. This is the concentration × time (C·t) value (t = 5 h) of exposure at which miosis becomes significant. The ratio of pupil and iris...article 2004
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Carton, E.P. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)Experimental results of wavy metal interfaces obtained by explosive welding are presented and used to determine which wave forming mechanism occurred. It was found that for small collision angles (smaller than about 20°) the Von Karman or jet indentation mechanism occurs, while for large collision angles a straight metal interface is obtained....conference paper 2004
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Haeseler, D. (author), Bombelli, V. (author), Vuillermoz, P. (author), Lo, R. (author), Maree, A.G.M. (author), Caramelli, F. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)A study has been performed under contract from ESA/ESTEC identifying the development needs in Europe in the field of new green propellant utilization. Criteria for green propellants are defined and discussed. Promising propellants are identified together with their rating w.r.t. those criteria, in particular establishing a measure of the...conference paper 2004
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Marsanich, K. (author), Barontini, F. (author), Cozzani, V. (author), Creemers, A.F.L. (author), Kersten, R.J.A. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)Article 2 of European Community Directive 96/82/EC (known as 'Seveso-II' Directive) also requires consideration in the plant inventory of the dangerous substances 'which it is believed may be generated in the loss of control of an industrial chemical process'. The present study was directed to the further development and assessment of procedures...article 2004
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Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author), van der Schans, M.J. (author), Polhuijs, M. (author), van Dijk, C. (author), Degenhardt, C.E.A.M. (author), Pleijsier, K. (author), Langenberg, J.P. (author), Benschop, H.P. (author)The utility was explored of a new approach to detect retrospectively exposure to nerve agents by means of conversion of the inhibitor moiety bound to the active site of the enzyme BuChE in plasma with fluoride ions into a phosphofluoridate which is subsequently analyzed by means of gas chromatography (GC). This quantifies ≥0.01% inhibition of...article 2004
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Ciucci, A. (author), Frota, O. (author), Welland, W.H.M. (author), van der Heijden, A.E.D.M. (author), Leeming, B. (author), Bellerby, J.M. (author), Brotzu, A. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)The main activities currently performed for the development of HNF-based propellants are presented. The objectives and approach adopted are described. The results obtained on the HNF decomposition mechanism and on the re- and co-crystallisation of HNF with potential propellant ingredients are presented. The experimental activities for the...conference paper 2004
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van Helden, H.P.M. (author), Trap, H.C. (author), Kuijpers, W.C. (author), Oostdijk, J.P. (author), Vanwersch, R.A.P. (author), Phillippens, I.H.C.H.M. (author), Benschop, H.P. (author), Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author)Realistic scenarios for low-level exposure to nerve agents will often involve exposures over several hours to extremely low doses of agent. The purpose of this pilot study was to indicate for sarin: (i) the lowest observable effect level (LOEL), i.e., the C.t-value (t = 5 h) of exposure at which an internal dose (fluoride-regenerated sarin from...conference paper 2004
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Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author), Noort, D. (author), Fidder, A. (author), Hulst, A.G. (author), Woolfitt, A.R. (author), Ash, D. (author), Barr, J.R. (author)We here report on the further development of the method comprising the pronase digestion of albumin alkylated by sulfur mustard and the subsequent mass spectrometric analysis of an adducted tripeptide. This includes significant improvements in both the albumin isolation procedure and the automation of the microliquid chromatography-electrospray...article 2004
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Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO (author), van Helden, H.H.P.M. (author), Vanwersch, R.A.P. (author), Kuijpers, W.C. (author), Trap, H.C. (author), Philippens, I.H.C. (author), Benschop, H.P. (author)The main purpose of this pilot study was to estimate the lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) for the electroencephalogram (EEG) upon long-term, low-level exposure of vehicle-pretreated and pyridostigmine-pretreated marmoset monkeys to sarin vapour. This is the C·t value (t = 5 h) of exposure at which the EEG becomes significantly...article 2004