Environmental life cycle costing at the early stage for supporting cost optimization of precast concrete panel for energy renovation of existing buildings

Energy-carbon-investment payback analysis of prefabricated envelope-cladding system for building energy renovation: Cases in Spain, the Netherlands, and Sweden

Buildings have become a major concern because of their high energy use and carbon emissions. Thus, a material efficient prefabricated concrete element (PCE) system was developed to incorporate construction and demolition waste as feedstock for residential building energy renovation by over-cladding the walls of old buildings. By conducting life...